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Nair AB, Chaudhary S, Shah H, Jacob S, Mewada V, Shinu P, Aldhubiab B, Sreeharsha N, Venugopala KN, Attimarad M, Shah J. Intranasal Delivery of Darunavir-Loaded Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel: Experimental Design, In Vitro Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060342. [PMID: 35735686 PMCID: PMC9223067 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in NeuroAIDS is primarily limited by the low perfusion of the drug to the brain. The objective of the current investigation was to design and develop an in situ mucoadhesive gel loaded with darunavir to assess the feasibility of brain targeting through the intranasal route. Preliminary batches (F1−F9) were prepared and evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics. A full factorial design of the experiment was applied to optimize and assess the effect of two influencing variables (Carbopol 934P (X1) and Poloxamer 407 (X2)) on the response effects (gelation temperature (Y1) and % drug release (Y2) at 8 h). The data demonstrate that both influencing variables affect the response variables significantly (p < 0.05). The optimized formulation (F7) exhibited favorable rheological properties, adequate mucoadhesion, sustained drug release, and greater permeation across the nasal mucosa. An in vitro ciliotoxicity study confirms the nontoxicity of the optimized in situ gel (D7) on the nasal mucosa. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats was performed to assess drug targeting to the brain following the nasal application of the selected in situ gel (D7). Significantly higher (p < 0.0001) Cmax (~4-fold) and AUC0-α (~3.5-fold) values were noticed in the brain after nasal application, as compared to the intravenous route. However, less systemic exposure to darunavir was noticed with nasal therapy, which confirms the low absorption of the drug into the central compartment. Overall, the data here demonstrate that the optimized in situ mucoadhesive nasal gel is effective in targeting darunavir to the brain by the nasal route and could be a viable option for the treatment of NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.N.); (J.S.); Tel.: +966-536219868 (A.B.N.); +91-9909007411 (J.S.)
| | - Sunita Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Arihant School of Pharmacy & BRI, Adalaj, Gandhinagar 382421, India; (S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiral Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Arihant School of Pharmacy & BRI, Adalaj, Gandhinagar 382421, India; (S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Vivek Mewada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India;
| | - Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bandar Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India;
- Correspondence: (A.B.N.); (J.S.); Tel.: +966-536219868 (A.B.N.); +91-9909007411 (J.S.)
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Preparation and Characterization of Two Immunogens and Production of Polyclonal Antibody with High Affinity and Specificity for Darunavir. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184075. [PMID: 32906585 PMCID: PMC7570924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Darunavir (DRV) is a potent antiviral drug used for treatment of infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Effective and safe treatment with DRV requires its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patient's plasma during therapy. To support TDM of DRV, a specific antibody with high affinity is required in order to develop a sensitive immunoassay for the accurate determination of DRV in plasma. In this study, two new and different immunogens were prepared and characterized. These immunogens were the DRV conjugates with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein. The first immunogen (DRV-KLH) was prepared by zero-length direct linking of DRV via its aromatic amino group with the tyrosine amino acid residues of KLH by diazotization/coupling reaction. The second immunogen (G-DRV-KLH) was prepared by conjugation of the N-glutaryl derivative of DRV (G-DRV) with KLH. The 5-carbon atoms-spacing G-DRV hapten was synthesized by reaction of DRV via its aromatic amino group with glutaric anhydride. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and the chemical structure of G-DRV was confirmed by mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The hapten (G-DRV) was linked to the KLH protein by water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) coupling procedure. The pertinence of the coupling reactions of haptens to protein was confirmed, and the immunogens were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Both DRV-KLH and G-DRV-KLH were used for the immunization of animals and the animal's antiserum that showed the highest affinity was selected. The collected antiserum (polyclonal antibody) had very high affinity to DRV (IC50 value = 0.2 ng mL-1; defining IC50 as the DRV concentration that can inhibit antibody binding by 50% of its maximum binding) and high specificity to DRV among other drugs used in the combination therapy with DRV. Cumulative results from direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using this polyclonal antibody proved that the immunogens were highly antigenic and elicited a specific polyclonal antibody. The produced polyclonal antibody is valuable for the development of highly sensitive and selective immunoassays for TDM of DRV.
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Development of a highly sensitive ELISA for determination of darunavir in plasma samples using a polyclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:355-366. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To support pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic monitoring of darunavir (DRV), a highly sensitive ELISA was developed for the determination of DRV in plasma samples at picogram levels. Results: The assay LOD and LOQ were 15 and 30 pg ml-1, respectively. The working range of the assay was 20–2000 pg ml-1. Analytical recoveries of DRV from spiked plasma were in the ranges of 98.4–113.0 and 86.0–99.1% for intra-assay and inter-assay runs, respectively. The precision of the assay was satisfactory. Conclusion: The ELISA is characterized by high throughput and it is expected to significantly contribute to routine analysis of DRV in its pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic monitoring.
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Mehta CH, Narayan R, Aithal G, Pandiyan S, Bhat P, Dengale S, Shah A, Nayak UY, Garg S. Molecular simulation driven experiment for formulation of fixed dose combination of Darunavir and Ritonavir as anti-HIV nanosuspension. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mantena BPV, Rao SV, Appa Rao KMC, Ramakrishna K, Reddy RS. Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Four Potential Impurities Present in Darunavir Tablets by Reverse Phase–Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Diode-Array Detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1037449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskara P. V. Mantena
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumathi V. Rao
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K. M. Ch. Appa Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R. Srikanth Reddy
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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