1
|
Kumar S, Darshan S, Baggi TR. Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques for Antidepressants Determination in Complex Biological Matrices: A Review. Int J Toxicol 2023:10915818221150779. [PMID: 36630687 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221150779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent but severe of mental disorders, affecting thousands of individuals across the globe. Depression, in its most extreme form, may result in self-harm and an increased likelihood of suicide. Antidepressant drugs are first-line medications to treat mental disorders. Unfortunately, these medications are also prescribed for other in- and off-label conditions, such as deficit/hyperactivity disorders, attention disorders, migraine, smoking cessation, eating disorders, fibromyalgia, pain, and insomnia. This results in an increase in the use of antidepressant medications, leading to clinical and forensic overdose cases that could be either accidental or deliberate. The findings revealed that people who used antidepressants had a 33% greater chance of dying sooner than expected, compared to those who did not take the medications. Analytical techniques for precisely identifying and detecting antidepressants and their metabolic products in a variety of biological matrices are greatly needed to be developed and made available. Hence, this study attempts to discuss various analytical techniques used to identify and determine antidepressants in various biological matrices, which include urine, blood, oral fluid (saliva), and tissues, which are commonly encountered in clinical and forensic science laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachil Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, 119667CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Siddaraj Darshan
- Department of Life Sciences, 119667CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Tulsidas R Baggi
- Director (Retd.), Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Ramanthapur, Hyderabad, India.,Formerly Academic Coordinator (Forensic Science), University College of Science, 28552Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soares S, Rosado T, Barroso M, Gallardo E. New Method for the Monitoring of Antidepressants in Oral Fluid Using Dried Spot Sampling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121284. [PMID: 34959684 PMCID: PMC8709135 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the consumption of antidepressants is a public health problem worldwide, as these are a class of compounds widely used in the treatment of several illnesses, such as depression and anxiety. This work aimed to develop and optimize a method for the quantification of a number of antidepressants and their metabolites (fluoxetine, venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, citalopram, sertraline, and paroxetine) in 100 µL of oral fluid using the dried saliva spots (DSS) sampling approach and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The method was validated, presenting linearity within the studied range, with detection and quantification limits ranging between 10 and 100 ng/mL, and coefficients of determination (R2) of at least 0.99 for all analytes. Recoveries were between approximately 13 and 46%. The analysis of precision and accuracy presented acceptable coefficients of variation and relative errors, considering the criteria usually accepted in the validation of bioanalytical procedures. The method herein described is the first to be reported using DSS for the extraction of antidepressants, proving to be a sensitive, simple, and fast alternative to conventional techniques, and capable of being routinely applied in clinical and forensic toxicology scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (S.S.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (S.S.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (S.S.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-127-532-9002
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Applicability of liquid and supercritical fluid chromatographic separation techniques with diode array ultraviolet detection for forensic analysis. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
Choudhary P, Bansal S, Verma KL. HPTLC–MS method for the determination of benzodiazepines in urine samples. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Jia E, Bartlett MG. Recent advances in liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4760. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enze Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia Athens GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Franco de Oliveira SCWSE, Zucoloto AD, de Oliveira CDR, Hernandez EMM, Fruchtengarten LVG, de Oliveira TF, Yonamine M. Development of a simple HPLC-DAD multi-analyte procedure and its application in cases evaluated by the Poison Control Center of São Paulo, Brazil. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4360. [PMID: 30109709 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a simple approach to overcome challenges in emergency toxicological analysis, using liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). A rapid procedure has been developed, for the extraction and detection of 19 analytes from the following drug classes: analgesics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and drugs of abuse. These substances are relevant in the context of emergency toxicology in Brazil. The method has been validated according to international guidelines by establishing parameters such as lower limit of quantification, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The intra and inter-day precision values, at the lowest concentration levels, have always been less than 20% considering its relative standard deviation. As for accuracy values, these have also been satisfactory (above 81.3%). This method was successfully applied in 201 blood samples from patients with suspected poisoning of the Poison Control Center of São Paulo (PCC-SP), Brazil. Finally, the developed method has shown to be relevant for emergency toxicology due to its high sensitivity and it could be also very useful in both fields of clinical and forensic toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre D Zucoloto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Poison Control Center of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago F de Oliveira
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Engelbrecht L, Grobler CJ, Rheeders M. A simple and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the detection of levetiracetam in plasma/serum of patients with epilepsy. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28294369 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast and cost-effective method was developed and validated for the determination of levetiracetam (LEV) in plasma/serum of patients using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. The stability of LEV plasma/serum samples over time and in different blood collection tubes was evaluated. Serum/plasma samples were deproteinized by methanol spiked with the internal standard, gabapentin. HPLC was carried out on a Venusil XBP C18 , 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with mobile phase consisting of 50 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile at a pH of 5.5. The UV detector was set at 205 nm and 10 μL was injected. Total runtime was 15 min. Calibration curves were linear (correlation coefficient = 0.999) over a concentration range of 1-60 μg/mL. Relative standard deviation values for both the inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy were <5% for the concentration range. The influence of different collection tubes and the effect of time on the stability of LEV was investigated. These factors may cause inaccuracies owing to drug-protein binding and interference in the matrix. This method is simple, fast, cost-effective, reliable and accurate with minimal sample preparation for daily routine use in therapeutic drug monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Engelbrecht
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C J Grobler
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Malie Rheeders
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rosado T, Gonçalves A, Martinho A, Alves G, Duarte AP, Domingues F, Silvestre S, Granadeiro LB, Oliveira V, Leitão C, Gallardo E. Simultaneous Quantification of Antidepressants and Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Samples by GC–MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
9
|
Sistik P, Turjap M, Iordache AM, Saldanha HM, Lemr K, Bednar P. Quantification of selected antidepressants and antipsychotics in clinical samples using chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry: A review (2006-2015). Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:39-53. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Abbas HH, Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Triazine Herbicides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 45:226-40. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.927731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|