A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Ertapenem Sodium

Determination of carbapenem antibiotics using a purpose-made capillary electrophoresis instrument with contactless conductivity detection

In this study, the employment of a purpose-made capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) as a simple and cost-effective approach for simultaneous determination of different carbapenem antibiotics is reported. The developed CE-C⁴D approach was for the first time applied for quality control of various pharmaceutical formulations in Vietnam, as well as for therapeutic monitoring of these antibiotics in plasma samples from patients under intensive care. Four of the most popular carbapenems in Vietnam, doripenem, meropenem, imipenem and ertapenem, were determined using an electrolyte composed of 10 mM Tris adjusted to pH 8.0 with acetic acid. The best detection limits achieved using the developed CE-C⁴D method were 0.36 mg/L and 0.45 mg/L for pharmaceutical and plasma samples, respectively. Good agreement between results from CE-C⁴D and the confirmation method (HPLC-PDA) was achieved, with a coefficient of determination (r²) for the two pairs of data of 0.9967.

A critical review of HPLC-based analytical methods for quantification of Linezolid

Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent belonging to the oxazolidinone class. Since its approval in the year 2000 until now, linezolid remains the main representative drug for the oxazolidinone class of drugs, which is used in therapy due to its unique mode of action, which involves inhibition of protein synthesis. As linezolid holds great importance in antimicrobial therapy, it is necessary to compile the various analytical methods that have been reported in the literature for its analysis. Analytical techniques used for pharmaceutical analyses and therapeutic drug monitoring play an important role in comprehending the aspects regarding bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic monitoring during patient follow-ups. Even though linezolid has had the approval for clinical use for more than 18 years now, most of the analytical methods for its determination reported in the scientific literature are the ones which utilize HPLC. Therefore, the present review provides a summary of the HPLC-based methods used in the determination and quantification of linezolid in different matrices since the time of its discovery.

Preparation of two-dimensional magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on boron nitride and a deep eutectic solvent for the selective recognition of flavonoids

Two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride (BN) were developed as a 2D scaffold material in preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs).

Review for Analytical Methods for the Determination of Sodium Cephalothin

Infections are the second leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, therefore it is highly important to study the antimicrobial agents such as cephalosporins. Cephalothin, an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the class of cephalosporins, has bactericidal activity and it is widely used in the Brazilian health system. In literature, some analytical methods are found for the identification and quantification of this drug, which are essential for its quality control, which ensures maintaining the product characteristics, therapeutic efficacy and patient's safety. The aim of this article is to review the available information on analytical methods for cephalothin. Thus, this study presents a literature review on cephalothin and the analytical methods developed for the analysis of this drug in official and scientific papers. It is essential to note that most of the developed methods used toxic and hazardous solvents, which makes necessary industries and researchers choose to develop environmental-friendly techniques, which will contribute to the harmonization of science, human, and environmental health.

Flucloxacillin: A Review of Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods

Bacterial resistance is a growing and worrying factor. The high reproducibility of these resistant microorganisms tends to influence the development of new drugs and research related to product quality control. Among the existing antimicrobials, flucloxacillin (FLU) was designed for oral and injectable administration with bactericidal activity. FLU sodium is the form used in pharmaceutical formulations. It is an antimicrobial resistant against penicillinase, an enzyme responsible for cleaving the beta-lactam ring of penicilins, which leads to inactivity of the drug. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes are essential to ensure quality of pharmaceuticals and health of the population. It is important that quality control is effective and appropriate, only then we can win the battle against microbial resistance. In this work, we want to highlight tthe characteristics of FLU as an important antibiotic and methods for the determination of FLU in pharmaceutical products and biological matrices. Among the analytical methods described in the literature for the determination of FLU, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stands out. Anyway, this method uses toxic solvents (e.g. acetonitrile) long columns, which provide long runs, as well as produces large amounts of waste. Currently, the priority changed to develop ecologically correct, conscious and sustainable methods. This new view on analytical methods should be applied to FLU analyzes and used to develop and improve existing methods.

A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Ceftriaxone Sodium

Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the class of cephalosporins. Is administered only by parenteral route and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has bactericidal action; its main activity is related to the Gram-negative bacteria, being also able to act against Gram-negative bacilli resistant to the first- and second-generation cephalosporins. The present study presents a survey of the characteristics, properties and analytical methods used for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium, for the gathering of data searches were carried out in scientific articles in the world literature, as well as in the official compendia. It is necessary to create awareness about the importance of developing effective and reliable analytical methods for quality control and consequently for conducting pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, bioequivalence studies as well as for the therapeutic monitoring of this drug. Most of the methods found use high-performance liquid chromatography, but also methods that use absorption spectroscopy ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry and microbiological methods have been presented. A discussion was presented highlighting the need to develop new ecological methods using less toxic solvents, rapid analysis and miniaturization of the samples.

Application of novel ternary deep eutectic solvents as a functional monomer in molecularly imprinted polymers for purification of levofloxacin

A series of ecofriendly ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different molar ratios were prepared as candidate functional monomers. Three of the optimal ternary DESs as functional monomers were applied to the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). After synthesis, the proposed polymers were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). These MIPs based on ternary DESs with different molar ratios exhibited different absorption capacities of levofloxacin. A sample of levofloxacin (500ng) was dissolved in a millet extractive (10mL). All MIPs were used as SPE adsorbents to purify the extracts. According to characterization result, the ternary DES-3 (1:3:1.5) was joined in the synthetic process of MIP-1. The green ternary DES-3-based MIPs had the best selectivity recovery for levofloxacin (91.4%) from the millet extractive. The best selectivity of MIP-1 was attributed to the novel monomer (ternary DES) in the preparation of the materials. Overall, ternary DES-based MIPs have potential applications as media in many research areas.

Isoniazid: A Review of Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods

Isoniazid is a synthetic antimicrobial and one of the most important first-line drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Since it was introduced in the therapy in 1952, the drug remains at the front line of the antituberculosis treatment mainly due to its potency and high selectivity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmaceutical analysis and therapeutic drug monitoring of isoniazid in both, pharmaceuticals and biological samples, plays an important role to comprehend aspects regarding to bioavailability, bioequivalence and therapeutic monitoring during patients following-up. In the last case, validated and simple methods are extremely useful for Public Healthy in order to guarantee the drug efficacy, safety and reduce the tuberculosis resistance. Among the available analytical tools, HPLC-based methods coupled to ultraviolet or mass spectroscopy are the most widely used techniques to quantify isoniazid. Therefore, this review highlights the main analytical methods reported in the literature for determination of isoniazid focusing in HPLC-based methods.