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Ba M, Li W, Song Y, Zhang Y, Xu X, Liu H, Cai Z, Hu S, Liu X, Sun T. Hydroxyl-functionalized pillar[5]arene with high separation performance for gas chromatography. Analyst 2024; 149:925-934. [PMID: 38192226 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01975f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the first example of employing hydroxyl-functionalized pillar[5]arene (P5A-C10-OH) as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatographic (GC) separations. The statically coated P5A-C10-OH capillary column possessed moderate polarity and column efficiency of 3233 plates per m determined by n-dodecane. As a result, the P5A-C10-OH column exhibited high-resolution capability for the mixture of 17 analytes from apolar to polar nature. Importantly, it exhibited advantageous performance for high resolution of the challenging isomers of bromonitrobenzene, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline and dimethylaniline with good peak shapes over the P5A-C10 and commercial HP-35 columns. In addition, eight cis-/trans-isomers with diverse types were baseline separated on the P5A-C10-OH column. And the application of detecting isomeric impurities in real samples gave strong evidence of its potential and feasibility for the viable GC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Ba
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Li
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Yanli Song
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Haixin Liu
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Xianming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
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Mejías C, Arenas M, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Green Assessment of Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Sludge and Soil. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37922128 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2276294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The main difficulties when analyzing pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in solid environmental samples is the complexity of the samples and the low concentration levels of such pollutants. Most efforts are focused in achieving good analytical performance parameters such as high recoveries or low detection limits without considering if the methods are environmentally friendly. In this work, the main tools proposed for assessing the greenness of analytical methodologies (Analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE)) have been applied to nine analytical procedures that include recent important analytical tendencies. The three metrics identified the paper spray ionization method as the greenest procedure since it used untreated samples for direct mass spectrometry analysis. Using Analytical Eco-scale, most of the evaluated procedures were rated as "acceptable green". However, the use of internal standards resulted key in the environmental impact of the method which provided contradictory results versus other metrics. GAPI found greenness similarities between most of selected methods, hindering a greenness classification. AGREE allowed the weighting of each evaluation criterion providing a greenness ranking. The application of each metric detecting their weaknesses and strengths was discussed. The incorporation of validation analytical features in greenness metrics was a gap revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mejías
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Arenas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Cai T, Sun X, Chen J, Qiu H. Tetraethylenepentamine-derived carbon dots and tetraethylenepentamine co-immobilized silica stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464325. [PMID: 37639850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) was used as precursor and reaction medium to prepare tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized carbon dots (TEPACDs), the resultant mixture was subsequently silanized and then grafted on the surface of bare silica. The obtained tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized carbon dots and tetraethylenepentamine co-modified silica stationary phase (Sil-TEPA/CDs) was characterized by multiple ways, such as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis and transmission electron microscope, which revealed the successful preparation of the mixed stationary phase and higher density of functional groups on co-modified stationary phase than precursor single-modified stationary phase. The synergistic effect of TEPACDs and TEPA was proved by comparing the separation performance of Sil-TEPA/CDs and Sil-TEPA toward amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleobases, which distinctly enhanced the selectivity of Sil-TEPA/CDs. Thus, 12 nucleosides and nucleobases and 11 amino acids was nicely separated on Sil-TEPA/CDs. By study the influences of the changes of mobile phase composition, mobile phase buffer concentration and buffer pH on the retention behaviors of Sil-TEPA and Sil-TEPA/CDs, it was found that both hydrophilic partitioning and adsorption of analytes on Sil-TEPA/CDs were enhanced benefit from the co-existence of TEPA and TEPACDs, which provided the analytes better separation performance. By comparing the column quality of Sil-TEPA/CDs with four commercially available columns, Sil-TEPA/CDs exhibited the best peak asymmetry of 0.98, and second best column efficiency of 43895 m-1 using guanosine as analyte. The RSD (n = 9) of the retention times of five selected analytes on Sil-TEPA/CDs were within 0.30-0.61% during 40 h of continuously elution, which implied excellent stability of prepared packing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpei Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Miao P, Li Y, Du Y. Dual-ligand 3D lammelar chiral metal-organic framework for capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparations. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:302. [PMID: 37464133 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Dual-ligand metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on tryptophan and camphoric acid were designed and synthesized as the stationary phase of the capillary electrochromatography (CEC) system. This CEC system showed significantly improved enantioseparation ability for nine drugs, compared with the single-ligand MOF stationary phase. Characterization methods such as N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy proved that the dual-ligand MOFs possessed excellent 3D spatial structures (ligand ratio is 1:1) which ensured the enantioseparation capability of the CEC system. The influence of ligand types on the chiral selectivity of MOFs was explored using racemic phenylalaninol and its single enantiomers as models. When the chiral type of the ligands is consistent, the enantioseparation ability of the CEC system is better. The chromatographic conditions such as buffer concentration, buffer pH, organic solvent addition ratio, and applied voltage were optimized, and satisfactory repeatability and stability of the CEC system were verified. Additionally, the enantioseparation mechanism of the CEC system was discussed through adsorption kinetic experiments, adsorption isotherm fitting, and thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Maciejewska M, Józwicki M. Porous Polymers Based on 9,10-Bis(methacryloyloxymethyl)anthracene-Towards Synthesis and Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2610. [PMID: 37048904 PMCID: PMC10095706 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials can be found in numerous essential applications. They are of particular interest when, in addition to their porosity, they have other advantageous properties such as thermal stability or chemical diversity. The main aim of this study was to synthesize the porous copolymers of 9,10-bis(methacryloyloxymethyl)anthracene (BMA) with three different co-monomers divinylbenzene (DVB), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). They were synthesized via suspension polymerization using chlorobenzene and toluene served as porogenic solvents. For the characterization of the synthesized copolymers ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, a low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption method, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, inverse gas chromatography and size distribution analysis were successfully employed. It was found that depending on the used co-monomer and the type of porogen regular polymeric microspheres with a specific surface area in the range of 134-472 m2/g can be effectively synthesized. The presence of miscellaneous functional groups promotes divergent types of interactions Moreover, all of the copolymers show a good thermal stability up to 307 °C. What is important, thanks to application of anthracene derivatives as the functional monomer, the synthesized materials show fluorescence under UV radiation. The obtained microspheres can be used in various adsorption techniques as well as precursor for thermally resistant fluorescent sensors.
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