Current trends in the anti-photoaging activities and mechanisms of dietary non-starch polysaccharides from natural resources

Marine peptides as potential anti-aging agents: Preparation, characterization, mechanisms of action, and future perspectives

Aging is a universal biological process characterized by a decline in physiological functions, leading to increased susceptibility to diseases. With global aging trends, understanding and mitigating the aging process is paramount. Recent studies highlight marine peptides as promising bioactive substances with potential anti-aging properties. This review critically examines the potential of marine peptides as novel food ingredients in anti-aging, exploring their sources, preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and the underlying mechanisms through which they impact the aging process. Marine peptides exhibit significant potential in targeting aging, extending lifespan, and enhancing healthspan. They act through mechanisms such as reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, modulating mitochondrial dysfunction, inducing autophagy, maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis, and regulating longevity-related pathways. Despite challenges in stability, bioavailability, and scalability, marine peptides offer significant potential in health, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, warranting further research and development in anti-aging.

Bioinformatics-based analysis of the relationship between plasminogen regulatory genes and photoaging

BACKGROUND

Ultraviolet radiation causes skin photoaging by producing a variety of enzymes, which impact both skin health and hinder beauty. Currently, the early diagnosis and treatment of photoaging remain a challenge. Bioinformatics analysis has strong advantages in exploring core genes and the biological pathways of photoaging.

AIMS

To screen and validate key risk genes associated with plasminogen in photoaging and to identify potential target genes for photoaging.

METHODS

Two human transcriptome datasets were obtained by searching the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the mRNAs in the GSE131789 dataset were differentially analyzed, and then the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to find out the strongest correlations. Template genes, interaction analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), modular genes with the most WGCNA correlations, and genecard database genes related to plasminogen were performed, and further Kyoto genes and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway analysis. Two different algorithms, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machines-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), were used to find key genes. Then the data set (GSE206495) was validated and analyzed. Real-time PCR was performed to validate the expression of key genes through in vitro cellular experiments.

RESULTS

IFI6, IFI44L, HRSP12, and BMP4 were screened from datasets as key genes for photoaging and further analysis showed that these genes have significant diagnostic value for photoaging.

CONCLUSION

IFI6, IFI44L, HRSP12, and BMP4 play a key role in the pathogenesis of photoaging, and serve as promising potential predictive biomarkers for photoaging.

A review: Structure, bioactivity and potential application of algal polysaccharides in skin aging care and therapy

Skin is the first barrier of body which stands guard for defending aggressive pathogens and environmental pressures all the time. Cutaneous metabolism changes in harmful exposure, following with skin dysfunctions and diseases. Lots of researches have reported that polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds exhibited multidimensional bioactivities in dealing with skin disorder. However, few literature systematically reviews them. The aim of the present paper is to summarize structure, bioactivities and structure-function relationship of algal polysaccharides acting on skin. Algal polysaccharides show antioxidant, immunomodulating, hydration regulating, anti-melanogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulating abilities via multipath ways in skin. These bioactivities are determined by various parameters, including seaweed species, molecular weight, monosaccharides composition and substitute groups. In addition, potential usages of algae-derived polysaccharides in skin care and therapy are also elaborated. Algal polysaccharides are potential ingredients in formulation that providing anti-aging efficacy for skin.

Preparation of Multifunctional Seaweed Polysaccharides Derivatives Composite Hydrogel to Protect Ultraviolet B-Induced Photoaging In Vitro and In Vivo

Seaweed polysaccharides can be used for protective skin photoaging which is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB). In this study, a multifunctional composite hydrogel (FACP5) is prepared using sulfated galactofucan polysaccharides, alginate oligosaccharides as active ingredients, and polyacrylonitrile modified κ-Carrageenan as substrate. The properties of FACP5 show that it has good water retention, spreadability, and adhesion. The antiphotoaging activity is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the components of FACP5 exhibit good biocompatibility, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities, and could reduce the cell death rate induced by UVB. In vivo experiments demonstrate that, compared with the mice skin in model group, the skin water content treated with FACP5 increases by 29.80%; the thicknesses of epidermis and dermis decrease by 53.56% and 43.98%, respectively; the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase increase by 1.59 and 0.72 times, respectively; the contents of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α decrease by 19.21% and 17.85%, respectively; hydroxyproline content increases by 32.42%; the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 downregulates by 42.80%. These results indicate that FACP5 has skin barrier repairing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibiting collagen degradation activies, FACP5 can be used as a skin protection remedy for photoaging.

Skin healthcare protection with antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activity of polysaccharide purification from Bletilla striata

In this study, we investigated the structural characterization and biological activities of Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) for their role as antioxidants and anti-melanogenesis agents in skin healthcare protection. Three neutral polysaccharides (BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3) with molecular weights of 269.121 kDa, 57.389 kDa, and 28.153 kDa were extracted and purified. Their structural characteristics were analyzed by ion chromatography, GC-MS, and 1D/2D NMR. The results showed that BSP-1, which constitutes the major part of BSPs, was composed of α-D-Glcp, β-D-Glcp, β-D-Manp, and 2-O-acetyl-β-D-Manp, with the branched-chain accompanied by β-D-Galp and α-D-Glcp. BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 can enhance the total antioxidant capacity of skin fibroblasts with non-toxicity. Meanwhile, BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 could significantly inhibit the proliferative activity of melanoma cells. Among them, BSP-1 and BSP-2 showed more significance in anti-melanogenesis, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and cell migration inhibition. BSPs have effective antioxidant capacity and anti-melanogenesis effects, which should be further emphasized and developed as skin protection components.

The anti-photoaging effect of C-phycocyanin on ultraviolet B-irradiated BALB/c-nu mouse skin

Introduction: C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a photosynthetic protein obtained from Spirulina, is regarded a highly promising commercially available biochemical. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence of C-PC's ability to mitigate the inflammatory response, alleviate oxidative stress, and facilitate wound healing. However, despite the existing knowledge regarding C-PC's protective mechanism against cellular apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, further in vivo experiments are needed to explore its anti-photoaging mechanism. Methods: In this study, a UVB-induced skin photoaging model was established using BALB/c-nu mice, and the potential protective effects of topically administered c-PC were investigated by various molecular biology tools. In addition, a novel delivery system, C-PC nanodispersion, was developed to facilitate the transdermal delivery of C-PC. Results: C- PC demonstrated significant anti-photoaging activities in the UVB-induced skin. The application of C-PC to the dorsal skin of the mice resulted in improved macroscopic characteristics, such as reduced sagging and coarse wrinkling, under UVB irradiation Histological analyses showed that C-PC treatment significantly decreased the symptoms of epidermal thickening, prevented dermal collagen fiber loosening, increased the hydroxyproline (Hyp) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in mouse skin, decreased malondialdehyde levels and expressions of inflammatory factors (interleukin-1α [IL-1α], IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α), reduced matrix metalloproteinase [MMP-3 and MMP-9] expressions, and inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Discussion: By analyzing the results of the study, a new drug delivery system, C-PC nano-dispersion, was proposed, and the anti-photoaging effect of C-PC and its mechanism were investigated.

Enhanced In Vitro Anti-Photoaging Effect of Degraded Seaweed Polysaccharides by UV/H2O2 Treatment

The high molecular weight and poor solubility of seaweed polysaccharides have limited their function and application. In this study, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) treatment was used to prepare low-molecular-weight seaweed polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme. The effects of UV/H2O2 treatment on the physicochemical properties and anti-photoaging activity of S. fusiforme polysaccharides were studied. UV/H2O2 treatment effectively degraded polysaccharides from S. fusiforme (DSFPs), reducing their molecular weight from 271 kDa to 26 kDa after 2 h treatment. The treatment did not affect the functional groups in DSFPs but changed their molar percentage of monosaccharide composition and morphology. The effects of the treatment on the anti-photoaging function of S. fusiforme polysaccharides were investigated using human epidermal HaCaT cells in vitro. DFSPs significantly improved the cell viability and hydroxyproline secretion of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. In particular, DSFP-45 obtained from UV/H2O2 treatment for 45 min showed the best anti-photoaging effect. Moreover, DSFP-45 significantly increased the content and expression of collagen I and decreased those of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Thus, UV/H2O2 treatment could effectively improve the anti-photoaging activity of S. fusiforme polysaccharides. These results provide some insights for developing novel and efficient anti-photoaging drugs or functional foods from seaweed polysaccharides.

Identification of anti-photoaging components of Olea europaea leaves based on spectrum-effect relationship

In this study, to identify bioactive components of Olea europaea leaves extract (OLE), chemometrics analyses including bivariate correlation analysis and partial least squares regression were used to establish the relationships between the chromatograms and anti-photoaging effect of OLE samples. Firstly, the fingerprint of olive leaves extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Photoaging models of HaCaT cells were established by UVB irradiation. The photoaging resistance of OLE was evaluated by cell viability using the MTT assay. Chemometrics analyses showed that compounds 14, 19, 20, 24, 26, and 28 might be the major anti-photoaging components of OLE. Furthermore, after separation by HSCCC and NMR identification, compound 19 is luteoloside and compound 24 is oleuropein. Oleuropein and luteoloside were docked with collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), and gelatinase (MMP-9), respectively. The results showed that oleuropein and luteoloside inhibited their activity by directly interacting with MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9, thereby exhibiting anti-photoaging activity. The current bioassay and spectrum-effect relationships are proper for associating sample quality with the active ingredient, and our finding would provide foundation and further understanding of the quality evaluation and quality control of Olea europaea.

The Mechanism of Peach Gum Polysaccharide Preventing UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging by Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinanse and Oxidative Factors

Exposure to ultraviolet light can cause oxidative damage and accelerate skin aging and is one of the main causes of skin aging. Peach gum polysaccharide (PG) is a natural edible plant component that has many biological activities, such as regulating blood glucose and blood lipids and improving colitis, as well as antioxidant and anticancer properties. However, there are few reports on the antiphotoaging effect of peach gum polysaccharide. Therefore, in this paper, we study the basic composition of the raw material peach gum polysaccharide and its ability to improve UVB-induced skin photoaging damage in vivo and in vitro. The results show that peach gum polysaccharide is mainly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose, xylose, and arabinose, and its molecular weight (Mw) is 4.10 × 10⁶ g/mol. The results of the in vitro cell experiments show that PG could significantly alleviate UVB-induced apoptosis of human skin keratinocytes, promote cell growth repair, reduce the expression of intracellular oxidative factors and matrix metal collagenase, and improve the extent of oxidative stress repair. Moreover, the results from the in vivo animal experiments showed that PG could not only effectively improve the phenotype of UVB-induced photoaged skin in model mice but also significantly improve their oxidative stress status, regulate the contents of ROS and the levels of SOD and CAT, and repair the oxidative skin damage induced by UVB in vivo. In addition, PG improved UVB-induced photoaging-mediated collagen degradation in mice by inhibiting the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases. The above results indicate that peach gum polysaccharide has the ability to repair UVB-induced photoaging and may be used as a potential drug and antioxidant functional food to resist photoaging in the future.

Porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition

In this study, the effects of a homogenous porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota were investigated. The results showed that oral administration of PHP resulted in a higher luminal moisture content and a lower pH environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon of mice. PHP significantly increased the production of total short-chain fatty acids during the fermentation process. PHP made the intestinal epithelial cells of mice arrange more tidily and tightly with a significant increase in mucosal thickness. PHP also increased the amount of mucin-producing goblet cells and the expression of mucin in the colon, which maintained the structure and function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Moreover, PHP up-regulated the expression of tight junctions including ZO-1 and occludin, improving the intestinal physical barrier function. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that PHP regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice, increasing the richness and diversity of gut microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. This study revealed that the intake of PHP is beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract and PHP could be a potential source of prebiotics in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

The Anti-Photoaging Activity of Peptides from Pinctada martensii Meat

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) can cause photoaging. Peptides from Pinctada martensii meat have been shown to have anti-photoaging activities, but their mechanism of action is rarely studied. In this study, Pinctada martensii meat hydrolysates (PME) were prepared by digestive enzymes and then separated by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography to obtain a purified fraction (G2). The fraction G2 was identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and peptide sequences were synthesized by solid-phase synthesis. The mechanism of anti-photoaging activities was investigated using a human immortalised epidermal (HaCaT) cell model. Results showed that peptides from Pinctada martensii meat increased UVB-induced cell viability and reduced the contents of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and matrix lysing enzyme (MMP-3) in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the fraction of G2 significantly downregulated the expression of p38, EKR, JNK, MMP-1, and MMP-3 in HaCaT cells. The peptide sequences Phe-His (FH), Ala-Leu (AL), Met-Tyr (MY), Ala-Gly-Phe (AGF), and Ile-Tyr-Pro (IYP) were identified and synthesized. Besides, FH reduced the contents of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in HaCaT cells, combining them effectively in molecular docking analysis. Thus, peptides from Pinctada martensii meat showed anti-photoaging activities and might have the potential to be used as an anti-photoaging agent in functional foods.

A Comprehensive Review of the Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Algae Polysaccharide on the Gut Microbiota

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide. Recent evidence has demonstrated an association between the gut microbiota and CVD, including heart failure, cerebrovascular illness, hypertension, and stroke. Marine algal polysaccharides (MAPs) are valuable natural sources of diverse bioactive compounds. MAPs have many pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antidiabetic effects. Most MAPs are not utilized in the upper gastrointestinal tract; however, they are fermented by intestinal flora. The relationship between MAPs and the intestinal microbiota has drawn attention in CVD research. Hence, this review highlights the main action by which MAPs are known to affect CVD by maintaining homeostasis in the gut microbiome and producing gut microbiota-generated functional metabolites and short chain fatty acids. In addition, the effects of trimethylamine N-oxide on the gut microbiota composition, bile acid signaling properties, and CVD prevention are also discussed. This review supports the idea that focusing on the interactions between the host and gut microbiota may be promising for the prevention or treatment of CVD. MAPs are a potential sustainable source for the production of functional foods or nutraceutical products for preventing or treating CVD.

Immunoregulatory activity of a low-molecular-weight heteropolysaccharide from Ganoderma leucocontextum fruiting bodies in vitro and in vivo

The chemical structure of GLP-1, a novel water-soluble heteropolysaccharide purified Ganoderma leucocontextum fruiting bodies, has been characterized in our previous study. This study aimed to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of GLP-1 in vitro and in vivo by using RAW264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. Results showed that GLP-1 was able to enhance phagocytic activity and promote the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, GLP-1 could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways through toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1 receptors. Furthermore, GLP-1 increased the thymus index, serum immunoglobulin levels, and percentage of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. These results demonstrated that GLP-1 possessed significant immunostimulatory effects in vivo and in vitro and could be developed as an effective immunomodulator for application in functional foods.

Preparation, chemical structure, and immunostimulatory activity of a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide from Suillus granulatus fruiting bodies

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A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (SGP2-1) was purified from Suillus granulatus.

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SGP2-1with Mw of 150.75 kDa had the (1 → 4)-α-Glcp backbone structure.

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SGP2-1 could be recognized by toll-like receptor 2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

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SGP2-1 enhanced pinocytic capacity and promoted ROS, NO, and cytokine production.

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SGP2-1 exerted immunoregulatory activity through MAPKs, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways.

A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (SGP2-1) was purified from Suillus granulatus fruiting bodies by anion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The structural characteristics were analyzed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The immunostimulatory activity was investigated using RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that SGP2-1 with weight average molecular weight of 150.75 kDa was composed of mannose, glucose, and xylose. The backbone of SGP2-1 was mainly composed of → 4)-α-Glcp-(1→, and the terminal group α-d-Glcp → was linked to the main chain by O-6 position. SGP2-1 could significantly enhance pinocytic capacity, reactive oxygen species production, and cytokines secretion. SGP2-1 exerted immunomodulatory effects through interacting with toll-like receptor 2, and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways. These findings indicated that SGP2-1 could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent for application in functional foods.

Polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme after UV/H2O2 degradation effectively ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

In this study, degraded polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF-T2) were prepared by UV/H2O2 treatment for 2 h, and its effects on ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis were evaluated using a mouse model. Results showed that PSF-T2 relieved colitis symptoms, characterized by increasing the colon length and body weight, decreasing disease activity index and relieving colon damage. In addition, PSF-T2 decreased the secretion and expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased the expression of MUC-2, ZO-1 and occludin. Besides, PSF-T2 promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and modulated gut microbiota composition (increasing the abundance of Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae, and decreasing Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae). These results suggested that polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme after UV/H2O2 degradation could ameliorate colitis by decreasing inflammation, protecting the intestinal barrier and modulating gut microbiota. It can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of bioactive polysaccharides by free radical degradation.