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Shi Q, Carrillo JC, Penman MG, Shen H, North CM, Jia S, Borsboom-Patel T, Tian Y, Hubert F, Manton JC, Boogaard PJ. Toxicological Assessment of Higher Olefins in OECD TG 422 Repeated Dose and Reproductive /Developmental Toxicity Screening Tests in Han Wistar Rats. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:301-326. [PMID: 37936376 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231210856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher olefins (HO) are used primarily as intermediates in the production of other chemicals, such as polymers, fatty acids, plasticizer alcohols, surfactants, lubricants, amine oxides, and detergent alcohols. The potential toxicity of five HO (i.e., 1-Octene, Nonene, Decene, Hexadecene, and 1-Octadecene) with carbon ranging from C8 to C18 was examined in a combined repeated dose and reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study (OECD TG 422). These five HO were administered to Han Wistar rats by gavage at 0 (controls), 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As a group of substances, adaptive changes in the liver (liver weight increase without pathological evidence), as well as increased kidney weight in male rats, were observed in HO with carbon numbers from C8 to C10. The overall systemic no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for all HO was determined at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In the reproductive/developmental toxicity assessment, offspring viability, size, and weights were reduced in litters from females treated with Nonene at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The overall no observed effects level (NOEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day for Nonene and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for the other four HO, respectively. These data significantly enrich the database on the toxicity of linear and branched HO, allowing comparison with similar data published on a range of linear and branched HO. Comparisons between structural class and study outcome provide further supportive data in order to validate the read-across hypothesis as part of an overall holistic testing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Shi
- Shell Product Stewardship, Shell Global Solutions International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Product Stewardship, Shell Global Solutions International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hua Shen
- Shell USA, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Colin M North
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie Jia
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Yuan Tian
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jason C Manton
- Penman Consulting Ltd., Aspect House, Grove Business Park, Grove, Oxfordshire, OX12 9FF, UK
- Exponent International Limited, The Lenz, Hornbeam Park, Harrogate HG2 8RE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Shaikh S, Rashid N, Onwusogh U, McKay G, Mackey H. Effect of nutrients deficiency on biofilm formation and single cell protein production with a purple non-sulphur bacteria enriched culture. Biofilm 2023; 5:100098. [PMID: 36588982 PMCID: PMC9794892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple non-sulphur bacteria (PNSB) are of interest for biorefinery applications to create biomolecules, but their production cost is expensive due to substrate and biomass separation costs. This research has utilized fuel synthesis wastewater (FSW) as a low-cost carbon-rich substrate to produce single-cell protein (SCP) and examines PNSB biofilm formation using this substrate to achieve a more efficient biomass-liquid separation. In this study, PNSB were grown in Ca, Mg, S, P, and N-deficient media using green shade as biofilm support material. Among these nutrient conditions, only N-deficient and control (nutrient-sufficient) conditions showed biofilm formation. Although total biomass growth of the control was 1.5 times that of the N-deficient condition and highest overall, the total biofilm-biomass in the N-deficient condition was 2.5 times greater than the control, comprising 49% of total biomass produced. Total protein content was similar between these four biomass samples, ranging from 35.0 ± 0.2% to 37.2 ± 0.0%. The highest protein content of 44.7 ± 1.3% occurred in the Mg-deficient condition (suspended biomass only) but suffered from a low growth rate. Overall, nutrient sufficient conditions are optimal for overall protein productivity and dominated by suspended growth, but where fixed growth systems are desired for cost-effective harvesting, N-deficient conditions provide an effective means to maximize biofilm production without sacrificing protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shaikh
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - N. Rashid
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - U. Onwusogh
- Qatar Shell Research and Technology Centre, Tech 1, Qatar Science and Technology Park, Doha, Qatar
| | - G. McKay
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - H.R. Mackey
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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3
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Goldbeck C, Grob K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Binaglia M, Chipman JK. Update of the risk assessment of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08215. [PMID: 37711880 PMCID: PMC10498375 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are composed of saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). Due to the complexity of the MOH composition, their complete chemical characterisation is not possible. MOSH accumulation is observed in various tissues, with species-specific differences. Formation of liver epithelioid lipogranulomas and inflammation, as well as increased liver and spleen weights, are observed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. These effects are related to specific accumulation of wax components in the liver of F344 rats, which is not observed in SD rats or humans. The CONTAM Panel concluded that F344 rats are not an appropriate model for effects of MOSH with wax components. A NOAEL of 236 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, corresponding to the highest tested dose in F344 rats of a white mineral oil product virtually free of wax components, was selected as relevant reference point (RP). The highest dietary exposure to MOSH was estimated for the young population, with lower bound-upper bound (LB-UB) means and 95th percentiles of 0.085-0.126 and 0.157-0.212 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Considering a margin of exposure approach, the Panel concluded that the present dietary exposure to MOSH does not raise concern for human health for all age classes. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are associated with MOAH with three or more aromatic rings. For this subfraction, a surrogate RP of 0.49 mg/kg bw per day, calculated from data on eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was considered. The highest dietary exposure to MOAH was also in the young population, with LB-UB mean and 95th percentile estimations of 0.003-0.031 and 0.011-0.059 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Based on two scenarios on three or more ring MOAH contents in the diet and lacking toxicological information on effects of 1 and 2 ring MOAH, a possible concern for human health was raised.
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4
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Surger MJ, Mayer K, Shivaram K, Stibany F, Plum W, Schäffer A, Eiden S, Blank LM. Evaluating microbial contaminations of alternative heating oils. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300010. [PMID: 37275211 PMCID: PMC10235886 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, European and German legislative initiatives for climate protection and reduced dependency on fossil resources led to the introduction of biofuels as CO2-reduced alternatives in the heating oil sector. In the case of biodiesel, customers were confronted with accelerated microbial contaminations during storage. Since then, other fuel alternatives, like hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVOs), gas-to-liquid (GtL) products, or oxymethylene ether (OME) have been developed. In this study, we use online monitoring of microbial CO2 production and the simulation of onset of microbial contamination to investigate the contamination potential of fuel alternatives during storage. As references, fossil heating oil of German refineries are used. Biodiesel blends with fossil heating oils confirmed the promotion of microbial activity. In stark contrast, OMEs have an antimicrobial effect. The paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch products and biogenic hydrogenation products demonstrate to be at least as resistant to microbial contamination as fossil heating oils despite allowing a diversity of representative microbes. Through mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and microbial sequencing, we can discuss fuel properties that affect microbial contaminations. In summary, novel, non-fossil heating oils show clear differences in microbial resistance during long-term storage. Designing blends with an intrinsic resistance against microbial contamination and hence reduced activity might be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. Surger
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB)Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Katharina Mayer
- Institute for Environmental ResearchRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Karthik Shivaram
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB)Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Felix Stibany
- Institute for Environmental ResearchRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | | | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental ResearchRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | | | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB)Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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5
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Nitrogen influence on suspended vs biofilm growth and resource recovery potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria treating fuel synthesis wastewater. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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6
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Carrillo JC, Shen H, Momin F, Kral O, Schnieder H, Kühn S. GTL synthetic paraffin oil shows low liver and tissue retention compared to mineral oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112701. [PMID: 34838897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral exposure to mineral oil may result in a narrow fraction of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) being retained in tissues. Excess of MOSH hepatic retention may lead to the formation of lipogranuloma caused by predominantly multiring cycloalkanes (naphthenics) in a critical range of C25-C35. Although hepatic lipogranuloma is of low pathological concern, MOSH tissue deposition could be minimized by using an oil of similar quality but devoid of naphthenic structures to decrease hepatic retention. Synthetic Gas to liquid (GTL) oils offer an alternative to petroleum derived mineral oils, because they do not contain naphthenic structures. To demonstrate this point, SD rats were fed either GTL oil (99% iso-alkanes) or naphthenic mineral oil (84% cycloalkanes) at 200 mg/kg bw/day for 90 or 134 days with a recovery group. Liver, fat and mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed for alkane sub-type levels using Online-HPLC-GC-FID and GCxGC-TOF-MS. Results indicate that at equal external dose, GTL hydrocarbons result in lower tissue levels and more rapid excretion than MOSH. GTL retained hepatic fractions were also qualitatively different than MOSH constituents. Because chemical composition differences, GTL oil show low absorption and tissue retention potential and thus an advantageous alternative to conventional mineral oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell International B.V., Shell Projects & Technology, Carel van Bylandlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Hua Shen
- Shell Oil Company, Shell Projects & Technology, Shell Woodcreek Complex, 150 N. Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX, 77079, USA
| | - Fayaz Momin
- Shell Oil Company, Shell Projects & Technology, Shell Woodcreek Complex, 150 N. Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX, 77079, USA
| | - Olaf Kral
- Shell Deutschland GmbH, Shell Projects & Technology, Suhrenkamp 71-77, 22284, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Schnieder
- Sustainable Chemistry Consult, Paul-Klee-Str. 27, 47877, Willich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kühn
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH Part of Mérieux Nutrisciences, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Kamelia L, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ. Developmental toxicity testing of the fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt in a series of in vitro alternative assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105195. [PMID: 34022403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential developmental toxicity and mode-of-action of fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt were evaluated in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) CALUX assay, the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET), and the mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST). In the AhR CALUX assay, both fume condensate extracts showed a concentration-dependent AhR induction following 6-h of exposure, but this activity was substantially reduced after 24-h, indicating a transient AhR activation. The main effect observed in the ZET was early embryonic lethality that occurred mostly in the 24 h-post-fertilization (hpf). This typically reflects non-specific toxicity rather than in vitro developmental toxicity of the fume condensate extracts tested since this effect was not seen as a result of the whole cumulative exposure period in the ZET (up to 96 hpf). No malformations were seen in any zebrafish embryo exposed to these fume condensate extracts, although some developed pericardial and/or yolk-sac edemas. Furthermore, both fume condensate extracts tested negative in the mEST. In conclusion, the results show that fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt do not induce any in vitro developmental toxicity, which is in line with the results observed in the in vivo prenatal developmental toxicity studies performed with the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Shell Health, Shell International Bv, PO Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague, The Netherlands
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8
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Boogaard PJ, Buschmann J, Fuhst R, Blümlein K, Koch W, Schaudien D, Schwarz K, McAlinden C, Deferme L, Vaissiere M, Ketelslegers HB, Steneholm A. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on fumes from oxidised asphalt (OA) in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:67-79. [PMID: 33781938 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal developmental toxicity of the fumes of oxidised asphalt (OA) was tested by nose-only inhalation in the rat. The test material was generated by collecting fumes from the headspace of storage tanks filled with OA. The composition of these fumes was matched to fumes sampled at a workplace where the same OA was applied in a pour-and-roll operation, representing occupational exposure with high concentrations of fumes to not underestimate the possible hazard. In the main study, dams were exposed to 0, 53, 158 and 536 mg/m3 of fume (as total organic mass), for 6 h/day for 19 days p.c. The maternal NOAEC was 53 mg/m³ (lowest dose tested). In the high-dose group treatment-related effects on body weight gain were seen. In the mid- and high-dose groups treatment-related effects on food consumption, lung weights, and histopathological changes in lungs and the upper respiratory tract were observed. The NOAEC for prenatal developmental toxicity was 536 mg/m³ since no exposure-related effects were found in any of the exposure groups for any of the investigated reproductive endpoints. Furthermore, nose-only exposure to OA fumes in concentrations up to 536 mg/m³ from days 1-19 p.c. did not induce any significant fetal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boogaard
- Shell Health, Shell International bv, PO Box 162, 2501 AN The Hague, The Netherlands; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Buschmann
- General and Reproductive Toxicology Consultancy, Haegewiesen 93, 30657 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fuhst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Blümlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine McAlinden
- toXcel International, PO Box 93, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 9JE, United Kingdom.
| | - Lize Deferme
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical bv, Hermeslaan 2, 1831 Machelen, Belgium; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Vaissiere
- Total, 24 cours Michelet, 92800 Puteaux, France; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas, P.O. Box 10 700, SE-121 29 Stockholm, Sweden; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
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Boogaard PJ, Buschmann J, Fuhst R, Blümlein K, Schwarz K, Schaudien D, Koch W, McAlinden C, Deferme L, Vaissiere M, Ketelslegers HB, Steneholm A. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on fumes from bitumen in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:15-26. [PMID: 33249228 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal developmental toxicity of bitumen fume was tested by nose-only inhalation in the rat. The fumes for exposure were collected from the headspace of a storage tank filled with a bitumen corresponding in composition to an anticipated worst-case occupational exposure. The composition of these fumes was compared to actual paving site fumes to ensure its representativeness for workplace exposures. In a dose-range-finding study male and female rats were exposed to 0, 103, 480 or 1043 mg/m3 of fume (as total organic mass), for 6 h/day during 20 days post conception (p.c.). Dose-related effects on body weight and lungs were observed in the mid- and high-dose groups. In the main study, dams were exposed to 0, 52, 151 and 482 mg/m3 of fume, for 6 h/day during 19 days p.c. The maternal NOAEL was 52 mg/m³. In the high-dose group treatment-related effects on body weight (gain), food consumption, lung weights, and histopathological changes in lungs and larynx were observed. In the mid-dose group only histopathological changes in the larynx and lungs were found. The NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity was 151 mg/m³ based on reduced fetal weight in the high-dose group (482 mg/m³). However, these changes are most likely a consequence of the maternal toxicity, in particular the reduction of maternal body weight gain by 26 % as compared to control. Nose-only exposure to bitumen fumes in concentrations up to 482 mg/m³ from days 1-19 p.c. did not induce any significant fetal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boogaard
- Shell Health, Shell International Bv, PO Box 162, The Hague, 2501 AN, The Netherlands; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Buschmann
- General and Reproductive Toxicology Consultancy, Haegewiesen 93, Hannover, 30657, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fuhst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Katharina Blümlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Christine McAlinden
- toXcel International, PO Box 93, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 9JE, United Kingdom.
| | - Lize Deferme
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical Bv, Hermeslaan 2, Machelen, 1831, Belgium; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Vaissiere
- Total, 24 Cours Michelet, Puteaux, 92800, France; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | | | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas AB, P.O. Box 10 700, Stockholm, SE-121 29, Sweden; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
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10
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Kamelia L, de Haan L, Spenkelink B, Bruyneel B, Ketelslegers HB, Boogaard PJ, Rietjens IMCM. The role of metabolism in the developmental toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-containing extracts of petroleum substances. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:330-341. [PMID: 31808176 PMCID: PMC7028058 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assays presently used for prenatal developmental toxicity (PDT) testing only assess the embryotoxic potential of parent substances and not that of potentially embryotoxic metabolites. Here we combined a biotransformation system, using hamster liver microsomes, with the ES‐D3 cell differentiation assay of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) to compare the in vitro PDT potency of two 5‐ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), and dimethyl sulfoxide extracts from five PAH‐containing petroleum substances (PS) and a gas‐to‐liquid base oil (GTLb), with and without bioactivation. In the absence of bioactivation, DBA, but not BaP, inhibited the differentiation of ES‐D3 cells into beating cardiomyocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner. Upon bioactivation, BaP induced in vitro PDT, while its major metabolite 3‐hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene was shown to be active in the EST as well. This means BaP needs biotransformation to exert its embryotoxic effects. GTLb extracts tested negative in the EST, with and without bioactivation. The PS‐induced PDT in the EST was not substantially changed following bioactivation, implying that metabolism may not play a crucial role for the PS extracts under study to exert the in vitro PDT effects. Altogether, these results indicate that although some PAH require bioactivation to induce PDT, some do not and this latter appears to hold for the (majority of) the PS constituents responsible for the in vitro PDT of these complex substances. The present study combines a biotransformation system, using hamster liver microsomes, with the embryonic stem cell test to compare the in vitro prenatal developmental toxicity potency of two 5‐ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and dimethyl sulfoxide extracts from five PAH‐containing petroleum substances and a gas‐to‐liquid base oil, with and without bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans B Ketelslegers
- European Petroleum Refiners Association, Concawe Division, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Shell Health, Shell International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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In vitro prenatal developmental toxicity induced by some petroleum substances is mediated by their 3- to 7-ring PAH constituent with a potential role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicol Lett 2019; 315:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Kamelia L, Louisse J, de Haan L, Maslowska-Gornicz A, Ketelslegers HB, Brouwer A, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ. The Role of Endocrine and Dioxin-Like Activity of Extracts of Petroleum Substances in Developmental Toxicity as Detected in a Panel of CALUX Reporter Gene Assays. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:576-591. [PMID: 29726971 PMCID: PMC6061685 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), present in some petroleum substances (PS), with particular nuclear-hormone-receptors and/or the dioxin (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR]) receptor, may play a role in the prenatal developmental toxicity (PDT) induced by these substances. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated the possible endocrine and dioxin-like activity of the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-extracts of 9 PS, varying in PAH content, and 2 gas-to-liquid (GTL) products, containing no PAHs but having similar other properties as PS, using a series of Chemical Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX) assays. The results show that the extracts of PS tested in this study possess various endocrine and dioxin-like activities and these in vitro potencies are associated with the quantity and type of PAHs they contain. All tested DMSO-extracts of PS show a strong AhR agonist activity and rather weak antiprogesterone, antiandrogen, and estrogenic activities. In the assays that evaluate thyroid-related and antiestrogen activity, only minor effects of specific extracts, particularly those with a substantial amount of 4–5 ring PAHs, ie, sample No. 34, 98, and 99, were observed. None of the GTL extracts interacted with the selected receptors. Of all assays, the AhR agonist activity correlates best (R2 = 0.80) with the in vitro PDT of the substances as quantified previously in the embryonic stem cell test, suggesting an important role of the AhR in mediating this effect. Hierarchic clustering of the combined CALUX data clustered the compounds in line with their chemical characteristics, suggesting a PS class-specific effects signature in the various CALUX assays, depending on the PAH profile. To conclude, our findings indicate a high potential for endocrine and dioxin-like activity of some PS extracts which correlates with their in vitro PDT and is driven by the PAHs present in these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Maslowska-Gornicz
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans B Ketelslegers
- European Petroleum Refiners Association, Concawe Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Shell Health, Shell International B.V., 2596HR The Hague, The Netherlands
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Whale GF, Dawick J, Hughes CB, Lyon D, Boogaard PJ. Toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of gas-to-liquid (GTL) products. 2. Ecotoxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:273-296. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1408567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Dawick
- Shell Health, Shell International Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Delina Lyon
- Shell Health, Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Kamelia L, Louisse J, de Haan L, Rietjens IM, Boogaard PJ. Prenatal developmental toxicity testing of petroleum substances: Application of the mouse embryonic stem cell test (EST) to compare in vitro potencies with potencies observed in vivo. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:303-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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