1
|
Mahdi I, Fahsi N, Annaz H, Drissi B, Barakate M, Mahmoud MF, Sobeh M. Thymus satureioides Coss.: Mineral Composition, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Profiling, and Dermatological Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:4636. [PMID: 37375191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaitra, Thymus satureioides, is an aromatic plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. In this study, we assessed the mineral composition, nutritional value, phytocontents, and dermatological properties of the aerial parts of T. satureioides. The plant contained high contents of calcium and iron, moderate levels of magnesium, manganese, and zinc, and low contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and copper. It is rich in several amino acids, including asparagine, 4-hydroxyproline, isoleucine, and leucine, and the essential amino acids account for 60.8%. The extract contains considerable amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids (TPC = 118.17 mg GAE/g extract and TFC = 32.32 mg quercetin/g extract). It also comprises 46 secondary metabolites, identified through LC-MS/MS analysis, belonging to phenolic acids, chalcones, and flavonoids. The extract elicited pronounced antioxidant activities, inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (MIC = 50 mg/mL), and reduced biofilm formation by up to 35.13% using the ¼ sub-MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Moreover, bacterial extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides were diminished by 46.15% and 69.04%, respectively. Likewise, the swimming of the bacterium was impaired (56.94% decrease) in the presence of the extract. In silico, skin permeability and sensitization effects revealed that out of the 46 identified compounds, 33 were predicted to be exempt from any skin sensitivity risk (Human Sensitizer Score ≤ 0.5), while extensive skin permeabilities were observed (Log Kp = -3.35--11.98 cm/s). This study provides scientific evidence about the pronounced activities of T. satureioides, supports its traditional uses, and promotes its utilization in the development of new drugs, food supplements, and dermatological agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Nidal Fahsi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Hassan Annaz
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Badreddine Drissi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Barakate
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial condition of the tear film and ocular surface, is one of the leading reasons for patients seeking eye care. Despite the multiple toxic ingredients of eye make-up products and their long-term application close to the ocular surface, few studies have analyzed their role in initiating and worsening DED. Females and the elderly experience the highest prevalence of DED and may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of eye make-up. The multifactorial nature of DED and common mechanisms behind several ocular surface diseases make it difficult to link a particular ingredient-driven mechanism to DED. Therefore, here, we list potential responses to eye cosmetics that may be involved in DED development. The first part of this review introduces the anatomy of the eye and DED, the second section explains the classification of eye cosmetic products, and the final part discusses the undesired effects under physical, pathogenic, and chemical insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, 4604 Arendal, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee HJ, Cho HE, Park HJ. Germinated black soybean fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 alleviates DNFB-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in C57BL/6N mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113236. [PMID: 32750462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhynchosia nulubilis (black soybean) has many applications in oriental medicine. It is traditionally used to treat disease related with high blood pressure, diabetes, inflammation, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, fermented soybean foods have traditionally been used for immunity enhancement in East Asia. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of germinated R. nulubilis (GR) against delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) are not fully understood. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GR) fermented with the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 (GR-SC65) isolated from pickled burdock. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of GR-SC65 (300 mg/kg/day) on ear thickness and immune cell infiltration in DNFB-induced DTH in mice. We used dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) as a reference drug. Changes in infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we investigated cytokine and chemokine production related to DTH using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated DTH-related cytokine production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. RESULTS Two lactic acid bacterial strains (Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 and Pediococcus pentosaceus ON81A) were selected for fermenting GR due to their high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. The total polyphenol contents (TPCs) in GR-SC65 and GR-ON81A were higher than that in unfermented GR (∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. GR). Content of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, the deglycosylated form of isoflavonoids, was higher in GR-SC65 than in unfermented GR. The ethanol extracts of GR-SC65 exerted a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than GR by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. GR-SC65 reduced 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ear swelling and hyperplasia as well as vascular permeability. Fewer infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the ear tissue of the GR-SC65-treated mice than those of the unfermented GR-treated mice. Furthermore, fewer infiltrated NK cells were observed in the GR-SC65 treated mice, than in the GR-treated mice. GR-SC65 significantly diminished the levels of CCL5 and COX-2 mRNAs and increased the level of IL-10 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that GR-SC65 can be used as a health supplement or a prophylactic against delayed-type hypersensitive inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ji Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gilmour N, Kern PS, Alépée N, Boislève F, Bury D, Clouet E, Hirota M, Hoffmann S, Kühnl J, Lalko JF, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Nishida H, Osmani A, Petersohn D, Sekine S, van Vliet E, Klaric M. Development of a next generation risk assessment framework for the evaluation of skin sensitisation of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
An N, Pourzal S, Luccioli S, Vukmanović S. Effects of diet on skin sensitization by nickel, poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111137. [PMID: 31982450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin contact or exposure to sensitizers often occurs as a consequence of occupational exposures (e.g. poison ivy in forestry), wearing jewelry (e.g. nickel), or use of cosmetics (e.g. fragrances). However, many of the known skin sensitizers or their chemical variants are also consumed orally through foods or other sources. Since oral exposure to antigenic substances can lead to tolerance, consumption of sensitizers may impact the development and potency of skin sensitization, especially if the sensitizer is consumed early in life, prior to the first skin contact. To address this issue, we have reviewed human clinical and epidemiological literature relevant to this subject and evaluated whether early oral exposures to relevant sensitizers, or their chemical variants, are associated with reduced prevalence of skin sensitization to three main allergic sensitizers - nickel, urushiols of poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones of chrysanthemum and other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan An
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Selma Pourzal
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stefano Luccioli
- Office of Compliance (OC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nepal MR, Kim GH, Cha DH, Jeong TC. Assessment of skin sensitizing potential of metals with β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture system. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:879-889. [PMID: 31507242 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1664958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been a challenge to develop in vitro alternative test methods for accurate prediction of metallic products which may exert skin sensitization, as several test methods adopted by OECD were relatively ineffective in assessing the capacity for metallic compounds to exert sensitizing reactions, compared with organic test substances. Based upon these findings, a system that incorporates β-galactosidase producing E. coli cultures was tested for its predictive capacity to well-known metallic sensitizers. In this system, E. coli cells were incubated with metal salts at various concentrations and β-galactosidase suppression by each test metal was determined. Fourteen local lymph node assay (LLNA) categorized metal salts were examined. Although color interference from metal salts was minimal, a fluorometric detection system was also employed using 4-methylumbelliferyl galactopyranoside as a substrate for β-galactosidase to avoid the color interference, concomitantly with the original UV-spectrometric method. Data demonstrated that two detection methods were comparable and complementary. In addition, most of the metallic sensitizers were correctly identified at 0.6 and 0.8 mM concentrations. Despite the lower specificity obtained in the current study and small number of substances tested, the developed method appears to be a relatively simple and effective in vitro method for detecting metallic sensitizers. When 61 chemicals tested in the β-galactosidase producing E. coli cultures including the present study were collectively analyzed, the prediction capacity was as high as other OECD-adopted tests: 95.6% of sensitivity, 66.7% of specificity, and 88.5% of accuracy. It is important to emphasize that animals or mammalian cell cultures were not required in the current method, which are in accordance with the EU guidelines on restricted or banned animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Geon Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schutte RJ, Zhang X, An N, Ostrov DA, Vukmanović S. Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:174-183. [PMID: 30957232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin-sensitizing chemical allergens. METHODS Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA-B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA-B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA-B*57:01 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schutte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nan An
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang W, Qu R, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Chen X, Qiu C, Li J, Pan X, Li W, Zhao Y. GDF11 Antagonizes Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation via Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 42:319-330. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
9
|
Frombach J, Sonnenburg A, Krapohl BD, Zuberbier T, Peiser M, Stahlmann R, Schreiner M. Lymphocyte surface markers and cytokines are suitable for detection and potency assessment of skin-sensitizing chemicals in an in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis: the LCSA-ly. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1495-1505. [PMID: 29380012 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a widespread health disorder and occupational skin disease. Hence, screening for contact-sensitizing chemicals is highly relevant to toxicology, dermatology, and occupational medicine. The use of animal tests for this purpose is constrained by ethical considerations, need for high-throughput screening, and legislation (e.g., for cosmetics in the European Union). T cell activation is the final and most specific key event of the "adverse outcome pathway" for skin sensitization and therefore a promising target for the development of in vitro sensitization assays. We present a novel in vitro sensitization assay with a lymphocyte endpoint as an add-on to the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA): the LCSA-ly. While the LCSA measures dendritic cell activation, the LCSA-ly offers the option for an additional lymphocyte endpoint which can be measured concurrently. We incorporated lymphocytes in our previously established coculture of primary human keratinocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells and tested nine substances: five sensitizers [2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) 1.25-15 µmol/l, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) 15.6-125 µmol/l, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) 50-1000 µmol/l, coumarin, and resorcinol (both: 250-1500 µmol/l)] and four non-sensitizers (monochlorobenzene, caprylic acid, glycerol, and salicylic acid (all: 125-1000 µmol/l)]. DNCB and MBT increased a subset of IL-23 receptor+/IFN-γ receptor 1 (CD119)+ lymphocytes. DNCB, PPD, and MBT enhanced a subunit of the IL-4 receptor (CD124) and a memory marker (CD44) on lymphocytes. Remarkably, DNCB, PPD, and MBT raised IL-4 concentrations in coculture supernatants while IFN-γ levels decreased, which might point to Th2 activation in vitro. Coumarin, resorcinol, and non-sensitizers did not alter any of the tested surface markers or cytokines. IL-17 was not affected by any of the substances. Relative strength of sensitizers according to lymphocyte markers was DNCB > PPD > MBT, which corresponds to earlier results from the LCSA without lymphocyte endpoint, the murine local lymph node assay, and human data. This study is the first to prove the suitability of lymphocyte surface markers for sensitization testing and potency assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Sonnenburg
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn-Dirk Krapohl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Marien Hospital Berlin, Gallwitzallee 123, 12249, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Peiser
- Department Safety of Pesticides, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Stahlmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schreiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital, Scharnhorststraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Corsini E, Casula M, Tragni E, Galbiati V, Pallardy M. Tools to investigate and avoid drug-hypersensitivity in drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:425-433. [PMID: 29405076 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1437141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are common adverse effects of pharmaceuticals that clinically resemble allergies, and which are becoming an important burden to healthcare systems. Alongside accurate diagnostic techniques, tools which can predict potential drug-inducing hypersensitivity reactions in the pre-clinical phase are critical. Despite the important adverse reactions linked to immune-mediated hypersensitivity, at present, there are no validated or required in vivo or in vitro methods to screen the sensitizing potential of drugs and their metabolites in the pre-clinical phase. Areas covered: Enhanced prediction in preclinical safety evaluation is extremely important. The purpose of this review is to assess the state of the art of tools available to assess the allergenic potential of drugs and to highlight our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inappropriate immune activation. Expert opinion: The knowledge that allergenic drugs share common mechanisms of immune cell activation with chemical allergens, and of the definition of the mechanistic pathway to adverse outcomes, can enhance targeting toxicity testing in drug development and hazard assessment of hypersensitivity. Additional efforts and extensive resources are necessary to improve preclinical testing methodologies, including optimization, better design and interpretation of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- a Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Science and Policy , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Manuela Casula
- b Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Tragni
- b Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- a Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Science and Policy , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Marc Pallardy
- c Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology , INSERM UMR 996, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| |
Collapse
|