On the Genuineness of Citrus Essential Oils. Part XXXV. Detection of Added Reconstituted Mandarin Oil in Genuine Cold-Pressed Mandarin Essential Oil by High Resolution Gas Chromatography with Chiral Capillary Columns

Characterization of Mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) Essential Oil. Determination of Volatiles, Non-Volatiles, Physico-Chemical Indices and Enantiomeric Ratios

An investigation of 27 samples of mandarin essential oils (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), industrially produced in Sicily during the 2007-2008 season, was performed to determine the composition of the volatile fraction by GC/FID and GC/MS-LRI, the enantiomeric distribution of some monoterpene hydrocarbons and linalol by Es-GC, the non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic components by RP-HPLC/PDA and the physicochemical indices (relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, residue on evaporation, and UV spectroscopic CD value). This study up-dates the information available in the literature on Sicilian mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.) essential oils, and provides information on the composition and quality parameters for the evaluation of this product.

Gas chromatographic technologies for the analysis of essential oils

Essential oil analysis has basically had one technical goal: to achieve the best possible separation performance by using the most effective, available technology of the day. The result achieved from this may then be used to answer the research or industrial analysis questions which necessitated the analysis. This may be for comparative purposes, where one oil is contrasted with other(s) for quality control or investigation of adulteration, to discover new components, or to characterise the chemical classes of compounds present. Clearly, today the analyst turns to chromatography as the provider of separation and then may supplement that with mass spectrometry to aid identification. The power of GC-MS means that advances in both the separation technique, and improvements in mass spectrometry detection - along with improved data handling tools - will immediately be relevant to the essential oil area. This present review outlines the developmental nature of instrumental approaches to essential oil analysis using gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry will be included to the extent that it represents the hyphenation of choice for most analysts when analysing essential oils. Thus single-column and multi-dimensional analysis will be covered, as will sample handling or introduction techniques prior to the analysis step, where these techniques provide some measure of separation. The recent demonstration of comprehensive gas chromatography will be discussed as the potentially most powerful separation method for essential oils. This brief review is not intended to be a comprehensive dissertation on the field of essential oil analysis since that would require sufficient space to occupy a book in its own right. Rather, it will outline selected considerations and developments, to help explain where new technology has been applied to advantage in this field.

Multidimensional Capillary GC-GC for the Analysis of Real Complex Samples. 3. Enantiomeric Distribution of Monoterpene Hydrocarbons and Monoterpene Alcohols of Mandarin Oils

The enantiomeric distribution of beta-pinene, sabinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol in mandarin oils has been determined using a fully-automated, multidimensional, double-oven GC-GC system. This system allows fractions to be multitransferred during the same GC analysis and the use of the two GCs independently when the multitransfer option is not used. The results obtained allowed the characterization of mandarin essential oil and the determination of extraneous oils added to or contaminating the oil.