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Ferranti A, Hayward T. Group-type quantitative analysis of flavor compounds in ripening avocados. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1737-1745. [PMID: 35247293 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Avocados are a superfood gaining popularity in people's diet. Profiling and quantifying the volatiles associated with flavor can further the understanding of the fruit. However, this is challenging due to the relatively low abundances of volatile compounds. The complex mixtures inherent to avocado flavor can result in co-elutions using classical chromatographic techniques. To overcome these challenges, solid phase microextraction was used to extract and pre-concentrate volatiles, then separated and quantified using two-dimensional gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. This technique enhances separation power and produces well-ordered chromatograms, allowing for templated groupings of compounds of similar chemical composition into regions. Using the flame ionization detector, an average response factor was determined and used for quantification of these templated group-type regions, as well as individual compounds. This group-type quantification improved overall precision of compound classes in 50 avocados by at least a factor of 2, when compared to that of the individual components. Overall, the abundance of associated flavor groups such as terpenes and alcohols decreased, whereas aldehyde groups remained constant throughout ripening. The combination of solid phase microextraction with two-dimensional gas chromatography and group-type quantification allows for an overall better understanding of the volatiles associated with flavor of avocados. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor Hayward
- Apeel Sciences, 71 Los Carneros Rd., Goleta, CA, 93117, USA
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ABASOLO RV, CRUZ-LÓPEZ L, LEÓN JCR, HERNÁNDEZ HG, MARTÍNEZ AE, NÁPOLES JR. Volatile compounds of unripe fruits from different cultivars (Persea americana Mill.). FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.93621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hausch BJ, Arpaia ML, Kawagoe Z, Walse S, Obenland D. Chemical Characterization of Two California-Grown Avocado Varieties ( Persea americana Mill.) over the Harvest Season with an Emphasis on Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15301-15310. [PMID: 33307689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The research objective was to characterize avocado's aroma-active volatiles and use information about its overall composition, such as lipid profile, to discuss likely biosynthetic origins. To achieve this, two varieties, "Hass" and "3-29-5" (GEM), were evaluated during their commercial harvest period for dry weight, moisture content (freeze-drying), oil content (Soxhlet extraction), fatty acid composition, and aroma profile. Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and aroma extract dilution analysis were performed on aroma extracts. Oleic acid (>50%) was the prominent fatty acid in the oil of both varieties. The majority of the aroma-active compounds in avocado are lipid-derived. The most notable compounds are 1-octen-3-one (mushroom) with a flavor dilution factor as high as 8192, hexanal (grassy), (Z)-4-decenal, an unknown, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal. Over the mid-to-late harvest season, a decline in hexanal and an increase in octanal were observed. In contrast to "Hass", the hexanal content was relatively stable in "3-29-5".
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Hausch
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648-9757, United States
| | - Mary Lu Arpaia
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zachary Kawagoe
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Spencer Walse
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648-9757, United States
| | - David Obenland
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648-9757, United States
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García-Rodríguez YM, Torres-Gurrola G, Meléndez-González C, Espinosa-García FJ. Phenotypic Variations in the Foliar Chemical Profile of Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1767-1775. [PMID: 27505234 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Hass avocado tree Persea americana cv. Hass was derived from a single hybrid tree of P. americana var. drymifolia and P. americana var. guatemalensis, and it is propagated clonally by grafting. This cultivar is the most widely planted in the world but its profile of secondary metabolites has been studied rarely despite of its importance in plant protection. We illustrate the variability of the volatilome of mature leaves by describing the average chemical composition and the phenotypic variability found in 70 trees. Contrary to the uniformity expected in the Hass cultivar, high variability coefficients were found for most of the 36 detected foliar volatile compounds; furthermore we found six chemotypes grouping the foliar phenotypes of the sampled trees using hierarchical cluster analysis. About 48% of trees were grouped in one chemotype; five chemotypes grouped the remaining trees. The compounds that determined these chemotypes were: estragole, α-farnesene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, α-cubebene and eugenol. This striking variation in a cultivar propagated clonally is discussed in terms of somatic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Magdalena García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, México
| | - Guadalupe Torres-Gurrola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, México
| | - Claudio Meléndez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, México
| | - Francisco J Espinosa-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, México
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Lu YC, Chang HS, Peng CF, Lin CH, Chen IS. Secondary metabolites from the unripe pulp of Persea americana and their antimycobacterial activities. Food Chem 2012; 135:2904-9. [PMID: 22980888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The fruits of Persea americana (Avocado) are nowadays used as healthy fruits in the world. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction has led to the isolation of five new fatty alcohol derivatives, avocadenols A-D (1-4) and avocadoin (5) from the unripe pulp of P. americana, along with 12 known compounds (6-17). These structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Among the isolates, avocadenol A (1), avocadenol B (2), (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxynonadecane (6), and (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene (7) showed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)R(V)in vitro, with MIC values of 24.0, 33.8, 24.9, and 35.7 μg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, Taiwan, ROC
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Dembitsky VM, Poovarodom S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Vearasilp S, Trakhtenberg S, Gorinstein S. The multiple nutrition properties of some exotic fruits: Biological activity and active metabolites. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Padalia RC, Joshi SC, Bisht DS, Mathela CS. Essential oil composition of Persea duthiei. Chem Nat Compd 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pino JA, Marbot R, Martí MP. Leaf Oil ofPersea americanaMill. var.drymifoliacv. Duke Grown in Cuba. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2006.9699135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pino JA, Marbot R, Rosado A, Fuentes V. Volatile Components of Avocado (Persea americanaMill.) cv. Moro Grown in Cuba. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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