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Tabbert JM, Schulz H, Krähmer A. Facing energy limitations - approaches to increase basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and quality by different increasing light intensities emitted by a broadband LED light spectrum (400-780 nm). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055352. [PMID: 36507442 PMCID: PMC9731226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the current trend towards broad-bandwidth LED light spectra for basil productions in multi-tiered controlled-environment horticulture, a recently developed white broad-bandwidth LED light spectrum (400-780 nm) including far-red wavelengths with elevated red and blue light fractions was employed to cultivate basil. Four Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars (cv. Anise, cv. Cinnamon, cv. Dark Opal and cv. Thai Magic) were exposed to two different rising light intensity conditions (ILow and IHigh). In dependence of the individual cultivar-specific plant height increase over time, basil cultivars were exposed to light intensities increasing from ~ 100 to ~ 200 µmol m-2 s-1 under ILow, and from 200 to 400 µmol m-2 s-1 under IHigh (due to the exponential light intensity increases with decreasing proximity to the LED light fixtures). Within the first experiment, basils' morphological developments, biomass yields and time to marketability under both light conditions were investigated and the energy consumptions were determined to calculate the basils' light use efficiencies. In detail, cultivar-dependent differences in plant height, leaf and branch pair developments over time are described. In comparison to the ILow light conditions, IHigh resulted in accelerated developments and greater yields of all basil cultivars and expedited their marketability by 3-5 days. However, exposure to light intensities above ~ 300 µmol m-2 s-1 induced light avoidance responses in the green-leafed basil cultivars cv. Anise, cv. Cinnamon and cv. Thai Magic. In contrast, ILow resulted in consumer-preferred visual qualities and greater biomass efficiencies of the green-leafed basil cultivars and are discussed as a result of their ability to adapt well to low light conditions. Contrarily to the green-leafed cultivars, purple-leafed cv. Dark Opal developed insufficiently under ILow, but remained light-tolerant under IHigh, which is related to its high anthocyanin contents. In a second experiment, cultivars' volatile organic compound (VOC) contents and compositions over time were investigated. While VOC contents per gram of leaf dry matter gradually decreased in purple-leafed cv. Dark Opal between seedling stage to marketability, their contents gradually increased in the green cultivars. Regardless of the light treatment applied, cultivar-specific VOC compositions changed tremendously in a developmental stage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Manuela Tabbert
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
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Walters KJ, Lopez RG, Behe BK. Leveraging Controlled-Environment Agriculture to Increase Key Basil Terpenoid and Phenylpropanoid Concentrations: The Effects of Radiation Intensity and CO 2 Concentration on Consumer Preference. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:598519. [PMID: 33597958 PMCID: PMC7883826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.598519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Altering the radiation intensity in controlled environments can influence volatile organic compound (VOC) biosynthetic pathways, including those of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. In turn, the concentrations of these compounds can have a profound effect on flavor and sensory attributes. Because sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a popular culinary herb, our objectives were to (1) determine the extent radiation intensity and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration influence seedling terpenoid and phenylpropanoid concentrations; (2) determine if differences in phenylpropanoid and terpenoid concentrations influence consumer preference; and (3) characterize consumer preferences to better inform production and marketing strategies. "Nufar" sweet basil was grown with CO2 concentrations of 500 or 1,000 μmol ⋅ mol-1 under sole-source radiation intensities of 100, 200, 400, or 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1 with a 16 h photoperiod to create daily light integrals of 6, 12, 23, and 35 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1. After 2 weeks, concentrations of the terpenoids 1,8 cineole and linalool and the phenylpropanoids eugenol and methyl chavicol were quantified, and consumer sensory panel evaluations were conducted to quantify preferences. Overall, increasing radiation intensity from 100 to 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1 increased 1,8 cineole, linalool, and eugenol concentrations 2. 4-, 8. 8-, and 3.3-fold, respectively, whereas CO2 concentration did not influence VOCs. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased VOC concentrations were not correlated with consumer preference. However, overall liking was correlated with aftertaste and flavor. The conclusion that consumer preference is dependent on flavor can be drawn. However, increasing VOC concentrations to increase flavor did not improve flavor preference. Many consumer sensory preference characteristics (favorable preference for aftertaste, bitterness/sweetness, color, flavor, overall liking, and texture) were correlated with basil grown under a radiation intensity of 200 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1. This led us to determine that consumers prefer to detect the characteristic basil flavor made up of 1,8 cineole, eugenol, and linalool, which was not as prevalent in basil grown under 100 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1, but too high in basil grown under 400 and 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1, which led to lower consumer preference.
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Johnson AJ, Meyerson E, de la Parra J, Savas TL, Miikkulainen R, Harper CB. Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213918. [PMID: 30943244 PMCID: PMC6447188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Through such environments, phenotypic expression of the plant—mass, edible yield, flavor, and nutrients—can be actuated through a “climate recipe,” where light, water, nutrients, temperature, and other climate and ecological variables are optimized to achieve a desired result. This paper describes a method for doing this optimization for the desired result of flavor by combining cyber-agriculture, metabolomic phenotype (chemotype) measurements, and machine learning. In a pilot experiment, (1) environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod and ultraviolet (UV) light (known to affect production of flavor-active molecules in edible plants) were applied under different regimes to basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) growing inside a hydroponic farm with an open-source design; (2) flavor-active volatile molecules were measured in each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (3) symbolic regression was used to construct a surrogate model of this chemistry from the input environmental variables, and this model was used to discover new combinations of photoperiod and UV light to increase this chemistry. These new combinations, or climate recipes, were then implemented in the hydroponic farm, and several of them resulted in a marked increase in volatiles over control. The process also led to two important insights: it demonstrated a “dilution effect”, i.e. a negative correlation between weight and desirable chemical species, and it discovered the surprising effect that a 24-hour photoperiod of photosynthetic-active radiation, the equivalent of all-day light, induces the most flavor molecule production in basil. In this manner, surrogate optimization through machine learning can be used to discover effective recipes for cyber-agriculture that would be difficult and time-consuming to find using hand-designed experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle J. Johnson
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elliot Meyerson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Cognizant Technology Solutions, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John de la Parra
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Savas
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Risto Miikkulainen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Cognizant Technology Solutions, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Caleb B. Harper
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wyenandt CA, Simon JE, Pyne RM, Homa K, McGrath MT, Zhang S, Raid RN, Ma LJ, Wick R, Guo L, Madeiras A. Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Discoveries and Challenges Relative to Its Control. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:885-94. [PMID: 25894318 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0032-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most economically important and widely grown herbs in the world. Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, has become an important disease in sweet basil (O. basilicum) production worldwide in the past decade. Global sweet basil production is at significant risk to basil downy mildew because of the lack of genetic resistance and the ability of the pathogen to be distributed on infested seed. Controlling the disease is challenging and consequently many crops have been lost. In the past few years, plant breeding efforts have been made to identify germplasm that can be used to introduce downy mildew resistance genes into commercial sweet basils while ensuring that resistant plants have the correct phenotype, aroma, and tastes needed for market acceptability. Fungicide efficacy studies have been conducted to evaluate current and newly developed conventional and organic fungicides for its management with limited success. This review explores the current efforts and progress being made in understanding basil downy mildew and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Wyenandt
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - James E Simon
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Robert M Pyne
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Kathryn Homa
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Shouan Zhang
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Richard N Raid
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Robert Wick
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Li Guo
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Angela Madeiras
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
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