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Ramírez J, Gilardoni G, Radice M, Morocho V. Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, and Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae): A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38498420 PMCID: PMC10893467 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The genus Lepechinia (Lamiaceae) involves several aromatic shrubs that are distributed only in the American continent, inhabiting mountain areas, mainly in the Andean region of South America. Based on the PRISMA approach, we selected and critically analyzed 48 research articles. From a phytochemical point of view, most of the secondary metabolites reported in Lepechinia spp. are terpenes and terpenoids, with a few exceptions comprising flavonoids and other shikimic acid derivatives. On the one hand, sesquiterpenoids of the guajane, aromadendrane, eudesmane, and cadinane groups are characteristic of essential oils, together with (E)-β-caryophyllene as the main representative of its chemical family. On the other hand, abietane diterpenoids are the prevalent compounds described in non-volatile fractions. Many biological activities and traditional medical uses have been reported for both pure metabolites and complex mixtures (e.g., essential oils). Regarding ethno-medical uses, the treatment of muscle pain, headache, toothache, diabetes mellitus, uterine tumors, uterine infections, and diarrhea has been reported. Concerning their verified biological activities, insecticidal, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties have been described. Furthermore, some data concerning anti-herpetic activity have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Matteo Radice
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vladimir Morocho
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (G.G.); (V.M.)
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Bizzo HR, Brilhante NS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Use and abuse of retention indices in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464376. [PMID: 37717451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The value of the concept of retention indices (RI) to the practice of gas chromatography (GC) is highlighted, where the RI of a compound is one component of the strategy to identify the compound. The widespread reliance on GC and then on mass spectrometry for 'identification', may result in inadequate confirmation of molecular identity. However, RI do provide a useful tentative indication of the possible molecule(s). Thus, the RI value is a useful first measure of the molecule identity, and shown here to be valuable provided limitations are recognised. An author has a responsibility to correctly calculate the index and then use the values for (tentative) identification. Tables of reference RI values are useful in this respect, but finding an 'exact match' RI value does not confirm the identity. Hence, it is necessary to understand how the RI value may be incorrectly used in this respect. The reviewer of written research is charged with ensuring the index values are applied in a rigorous manner. Selected case studies from our own work, support the care that must be exercised when reporting RI values. In terms of advanced GC operations, mention is made of multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to acquire RI values on both the first and second columns in the two-column separation experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto R Bizzo
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos - Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23020-470, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Brilhante
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Ramírez J, Gilardoni G, Jácome M, Montesinos J, Rodolfi M, Guglielminetti ML, Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Vidari G. Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Analysis, AEDA Sensorial Evaluation and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from the Ecuadorian Plant Lepechinia mutica Benth (Lamiaceae). Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28857500 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the GC-FID, GC/MS, GC-O, and enantioselective GC analysis of the essential oil hydrodistilled from leaves of Lepechinica mutica (Lamiaceae), collected in Ecuador. GC-FID and GC/MS analyses allowed the characterization and quantification of 79 components, representing 97.3% of the total sample. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.50%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (30.59%) were found to be the most abundant volatiles, while oxygenated sesquiterpenes (16.20%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (2.10%) were the minor components. In order to better characterize the oil aroma, the most important odorants, from the sensorial point of view, were identified by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) GC-O. They were α-Pinene, β-Phellandrene, and Dauca-5,8-diene, exhibiting the characteristic woody, herbaceus, and earthy odors, respectively. Enantioselective GC analysis of L. mutica essential oil revealed the presence of twelve couples and two enantiomerically pure chiral monoterpenoids. Their enantiomeric excesses were from a few percent units to 100%. Moreover, the essential oil exhibited moderate in vitro activity against five fungal strains, being especially effective against M. canis, which is a severe zoophilic dermatophyte causal agent of pet and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja, Ecuador.,Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Miriam Jácome
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - José Montesinos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Marinella Rodolfi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lab. Mycology, University of Pavia, Via San Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Lidia Guglielminetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lab. Mycology, University of Pavia, Via San Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecila Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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