1
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Cheng Y, Han L, Shao L, Wang H, Guo Z, Li G. Comparative investigation on the aroma profiles of edible citrus flowers in the main organs and different developmental stages. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101568. [PMID: 39022788 PMCID: PMC467083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pomelo flowers emit a strong fragrance and give aromatic odors. Volatile compounds from pomelo flowers were analyzed at three developmental stages and in the main organs by molecular sensory science. A total of 134 volatiles including 25 odorants, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-MS/PFPD) and multidimensional GC-MS/olfactory (MDGC-MS/O). The total volatile content varied among pomelo flowers at different developmental stages (stage-III > stage-II > stage-I) and among different organs of pomelo flowers (petal > pistil > stamen). Linalool was an important odorant with a high OAV, and floral/fruity comprised the predominant aroma profile. Four odorants, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, linalool, β-myrcene, and 2-butenal, were selected based on variable importance in projection (VIP) values and contributed mainly to the discrimination of pomelo flowers at three different developmental stages. Linalool, β-myrcene, d-limonene, and ethyl hexanoate were potential markers for evaluating flavor differences in pomelo floral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Leng Han
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Linzi Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
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2
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Wang Y, Huang J, Lin X, Su W, Zhu P, Yang N, Adams E. Recent progress in the extraction of terpenoids from essential oils and separation of the enantiomers by GC-MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465118. [PMID: 38936162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids possess significant physiological activities and are rich in essential oils. Some terpenoids have chiral centers and could form enantiomers with distinct physiological activities. Therefore, the extraction and separation of terpenoids enantiomers are very important and have attracted extensive attention in recent years. Meanwhile, the specific distribution and enantiomer excess results (the excess of one enantiomer over the other in a mixture of enantiomers) could be used as quality markers for illegitimate adulteration, origin identification, and exploring component variations and functional interrelations across different plant tissues. In this study, an overview of the progress in the extraction of terpenoids from essential oils and the separation of their enantiomers over the past two decades has been made. Extraction methods were retrieved by the resultant network visualization findings. The results showed that the predominant methods are hydrodistillation, solvent-free microwave extraction, headspace solid-phase microextraction and supercritical fluid extraction methods. GC-MS combined with chiral chromatography columns is commonly used for the separation of enantiomers, while 2D GC is found to have stronger resolution ability. Finally, some prospects for future research directions in the extraction and separation identification of essential oils are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinchun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinyue Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Weike Su
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peixi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Ni Yang
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Maldonado Y, Montalván M, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses of an Unprecedented Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Aiouea montana: A Natural Source of S-Methyl-O-2-phenylethyl Carbonothioate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26495-26502. [PMID: 38911773 PMCID: PMC11191072 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fresh and dry leaves of Aiouea montana (Sw.) R. Rohde (Lauraceae) produced, in a quite high yield (0.88% and 1.60%, respectively), an unpleasantly smelling essential oil. The chemical composition was described in this study for the first time, detecting and quantifying 48 compounds. Major components of fresh and dry leaf essential oils were α-pinene (6.7-10.3%), β-pinene (2.8-3.8%), α-phellandrene (12.6-14.5%), α-copaene (3.1-15.7%), δ-cadinene (0.9-3.3%), and S-methyl-O-2-phenylethyl carbonothioate (58.5-33.3%). The dominant compound was already known in the literature by synthesis; however, it was unprecedented so far in nature. The carbonothioate was identified after purification and structure elucidation, by means of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectrophotometry. The spectral results were identical to all data reported in the literature for the same molecule. Furthermore, the enantioselective analysis of the essential oil was conducted on a β-cyclodextrin-based stationary phase. Two chiral constituents, (+)-β-phellandrene and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(-)-α-copaene, were enantiomerically pure, whereas α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, linalool, and germacrene D were scalemic mixtures. The different chemical and enantiomeric compositions suggested that enzymatic transformations could occur while drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia
E. Maldonado
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Montalván
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
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4
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Mejri H, Khetatfa T, Aidi Wannes W, Smaoui A, Saidani Tounsi M. Histochemistry, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil during leaf development. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2067255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houda Mejri
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Takoua Khetatfa
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Aidi Wannes
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Smaoui
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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5
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Clery RA, Armendi A, Franco V, Furrer S, Genereux JC, Kahn TL, Koshiro K. Chemical Diversity of Citrus Leaf Essential Oils. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100963. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Clery
- Givaudan Schweiz AG: Givaudan Suisse SA Science & Technology Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal SWITZERLAND
| | - Anjo Armendi
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Veronica Franco
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Stefan Furrer
- Givaudan Flavors Corp Cincinnati Science & Technology 1199 Edison Drive 45216 Cincinnati UNITED STATES
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Tracy L. Kahn
- University of California Riverside Department of Botany and Plant Sciences Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of California at Riverside 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin Koshiro
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
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6
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Aribi-Zouioueche L, Couic-Marinier F. Huiles essentielles et chiralité moléculaire. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Razola-Díaz MDC, Guerra-Hernández EJ, García-Villanova B, Verardo V. Recent developments in extraction and encapsulation techniques of orange essential oil. Food Chem 2021; 354:129575. [PMID: 33761335 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orange production is constantly growing. The main orange by-product, the orange peel, is a usable source of essential oils with a lot of health benefits. Because of that, it is important to find the best recovery and encapsulation techniques in order to get the best bioavailability for human and to ensure the highest quality for food applications. Thus, the aim of this work is to summarize the complete process needed to obtain orange essential oil, from the pre-treatments to the encapsulation steps, carried out in the last years. This review is focused on the comparison of new and more innovative techniques in front of the most conventional ones used for extracting and encapsulating the orange essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belén García-Villanova
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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8
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Russo M, Rigano F, Arigò A, Dugo P, Mondello L. Coumarins, Psoralens and Polymethoxyflavones in Cold-pressed Citrus Essential Oils: a Review. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1857855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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Espinosa S, Bec N, Larroque C, Ramírez J, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A Novel Chemical Profile of a Selective In Vitro Cholinergic Essential Oil from Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), a Native Andean Species of Ecuador. Molecules 2020; 26:E45. [PMID: 33374888 PMCID: PMC7795002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel chemical profile essential oil, distilled from the aerial parts of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS, qualitative analysis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID, quantitative analysis), with both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The chemical composition mostly consisted of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (>70%), the main ones being (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.8%), α-copaene (10.5%), β-bourbonene (9.9%), δ-cadinene (6.6%), cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene (6.4%) and germacrene D (4.9%), with the non-polar column. The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective GC analysis, with a diethyl-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin diluted in PS-086 chiral selector, resulting in the following enantiomeric excesses for the chiral components: (1R,5S)-(-)-α-thujene (67.8%), (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (85.5%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (90.0%), (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene (12.3%), (S)-(-)-limonene (88.1%), (S)-(+)-linalool (32.7%), (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), (S)-(-)-α-terpineol (71.2%) and (S)-(-)-germacrene D (89.0%). The inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of C. taxifolium essential oil was then tested, resulting in selective activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 31.3 ± 3.0 μg/mL (positive control: donepezil, IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Larroque
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
- Supportive Care Unit, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
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10
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Valuable products from the flowers of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) Italian trees. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Farag MA, Abib B, Ayad L, Khattab AR. Sweet and bitter oranges: An updated comparative review of their bioactives, nutrition, food quality, therapeutic merits and biowaste valorization practices. Food Chem 2020; 331:127306. [PMID: 32593794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sweet and bitter oranges are two of the most commercially-important fruit with a total world production of 75.4 Mt, well-recognized for their unique sensory characters in addition to multiple nutritive and therapeutic attributes due to their highly-valued bioactive ingredients. Hence, their differential qualitative/quantitative phytochemical make-ups are presented for better utilization as therapeutic agents. Sweet orange exhibits therapeutic applications as being effective anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hypocholesterolemic agents. Whereas, for anti-osteoporotic products and intestinal dysbiosis treatment, bitter orange is more preferred. Moreover, the review recapitulates on different valorization practices of citrus bio-wastes and utilization of their bioactives as therapeutic agents and in functional food industry. Sweet orange waste functions as a fat replacer and preservative to increase food shelf life with better organoleptic attributes than bitter orange. The detailed action mechanism and safety of Citrus bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve its effects are posed as future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Bishoy Abib
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Laila Ayad
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
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12
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Gaff M, Esteban‐Decloux M, Giampaoli P. Bitter orange peel essential oil: A review of the different factors and chemical reactions influencing its composition. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gaff
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
| | - Martine Esteban‐Decloux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
| | - Pierre Giampaoli
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
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13
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Jaramillo-Colorado BE, Stashenko EE, Winterhalter P. Fractionation of four Colombian essential oils by countercurrent chromatography and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1658649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado
- Agrochemical Research Group, Chemistry Program, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Elena E. Stashenko
- CIBIMOL-CENIVAM, Faculty of Sciences, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Food Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig Carolo-Wilhelmina, Schleinitzstraße, Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, López-Gresa MP, Blázquez MA, Granell A. Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:12. [PMID: 30804951 PMCID: PMC6370709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen González-Mas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L. Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Taghadomi-Saberi S, Mas Garcia S, Allah Masoumi A, Sadeghi M, Marco S. Classification of Bitter Orange Essential Oils According to Fruit Ripening Stage by Untargeted Chemical Profiling and Machine Learning. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18061922. [PMID: 29899257 PMCID: PMC6021931 DOI: 10.3390/s18061922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality and composition of bitter orange essential oils (EOs) strongly depend on the ripening stage of the citrus fruit. The concentration of volatile compounds and consequently its organoleptic perception varies. While this can be detected by trained humans, we propose an objective approach for assessing the bitter orange from the volatile composition of their EO. The method is based on the combined use of headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for predictive modeling. Data obtained from the analysis of HS-GC-MS were preprocessed to select relevant peaks in the total ion chromatogram as input features for ANN. Results showed that key volatile compounds have enough predictive power to accurately classify the EO, according to their ripening stage for different applications. A sensitivity analysis detected the key compounds to identify the ripening stage. This study provides a novel strategy for the quality control of bitter orange EO without subjective methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Taghadomi-Saberi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sílvia Mas Garcia
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Amin Allah Masoumi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Morteza Sadeghi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Santiago Marco
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Masson J, Liberto E, Beolor JC, Brevard H, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. Oxygenated heterocyclic compounds to differentiate Citrus spp. essential oils through metabolomic strategies. Food Chem 2016; 206:223-33. [PMID: 27041320 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise and discriminate 44 authenticated commercial samples of citrus essential oils (EO) from seven species (bergamot, lemon, bigarade, orange, mandarin, grapefruit, lime) by analysing the non-volatile oxygenated heterocyclic compounds (OHC) by UHPLC/TOF-HRMS, multivariate data analysis (PCA, PLS-DA) and metabolomic strategies; the OHC fraction includes coumarins, furocoumarins, and polymethoxylated flavonoids. Two different approaches were adopted: (i) targeted profiling based on quantifying 18 furocoumarins and coumarins, some of which are regulated by law, and (ii) targeted fingerprinting based on 140 OHCs reported in citrus essential oils, from which 38 discriminant markers were defined. This approach correctly discriminated the Citrus species; its "sensitivity" to relatively low adulteration rate (10%) was highly satisfactory. The proposed method is complementary to that of analysing the citrus EO volatile part by GC techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Masson
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Robertet SA, Research Division, 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim, F-06130 Grasse, France
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jean-Claude Beolor
- Robertet SA, Research Division, 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim, F-06130 Grasse, France
| | - Hugues Brevard
- Robertet SA, Research Division, 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim, F-06130 Grasse, France
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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17
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Deterre SC, Rega B, Delarue J, Teillet E, Giampaoli P. Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantiumL.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2014.917337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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19
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Tranchida PQ, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L, Dugo G. Analysis of Citrus essential oils: state of the art and future perspectives. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
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20
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Bonaccorsi I, Sciarrone D, Schipilliti L, Trozzi A, Fakhry HA, Dugo G. Composition of Egyptian Nerolì Oil. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bitter orange flower oil (or nerolì) is an essential product, largely used in perfumery. Nerolì is obtained by hydrodistillation or steam distillation, from the flowers of bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium L.). Since a long time nerolì production is limited and its cost on the market is considerably high. The annual production in Tunisia and Morocco is ca. 1500 Kg, representing more than 90% of the worldwide production. A small amount of nerolì is also produced in Egypt, Spain and Comorros (not exceeding 150 kg totally). Due to the high cost, the producers and the users have tried to obtain less expensive products, with odor characters close to that of nerolì oil to be used as substitute and sometimes as adulterants of the genuine oil. In this study are investigated five samples of Egyptian nerolì oils produced in 2008 and 2009, in the same industrial plant, declared genuine by the producer. For all the samples the composition was determined by GC/FID and by GC/MS-LRI; the samples were also analyzed by esGC to determine the enantiomeric distribution of twelve volatiles and by GC-C-IRMS for the determination of the δ 13CVPDB values of some mono and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols and esters. The analytical procedures allowed to quantitatively determining 86 components. In particular the variation of the composition seems to be dependent on the period of production. In fact, the amount of linalool decreases from March to April while linalyl acetate presents an opposite trend, increasing in the same period. The RSD determined for the δ 13CVPDB are very small (max. 3.89%), ensuring the authenticity of all samples. The results are also discussed in function of the limits provided by the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) (2004), AFNOR (1995) and ISO (2002) regulations for genuine nerolì oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università di Messina, V.le Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università di Messina, V.le Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luisa Schipilliti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università di Messina, V.le Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Trozzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-biologico, Università di Messina, V.le Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università di Messina, V.le Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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