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Mahendran G, Vimolmangkang S. Chemical compositions, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mosquito larvicidal activity of Ocimum americanum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. leaf essential oils. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:390. [PMID: 37898811 PMCID: PMC10612185 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocimum americanum L. (O. americanum) and Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) are highly valued aromatic medicinal plants. Their leaves are widely used as spices in traditional cuisine. Their essential oils (EOs) are extensively used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to investigate the main chemical profiles of O. americanum and O. basilicum leaf EOs and assess their effects on antibacterial, antioxidant, and larvicidal properties. METHODS EOs were extracted from the leaves of O. basilicum and O. americanum using steam distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical constituents of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal-chelating techniques were used to assess the free-radical scavenging capability of the oils. The extracted oils were also tested for their antibacterial activities via a disk-diffusion test and the broth microdilution method. Furthermore, the mosquito larvicidal (Aedes aegypti) activity was tested using standard protocols. RESULTS Camphor (33.869%), limonene (7.215%), longifolene (6.727%), caryophyllene (5.500%), and isoledene (5.472%) were the major compounds in O. americanum leaf EO. The EO yield was 0.4%, and citral (19.557%), estragole (18.582%) camphor (9.224%) and caryophyllene (3.009%) were the major compounds found among the 37 chemical constituents identified in O. basilicum oil. O. basilicum exhibited a more potent antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid tests than O. americanum. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of the oils in the microdilution and disk diffusion methods were 8.00 ± 0.19 mm to 26.43 ± 2.19 mm and 3.12-100 µg/mL, respectively. At 400 ppm, O. basilicum and O. americanum EOs demonstrated larvicidal activity, with mortality ratios of 73.60% ± 0.89% and 78.00% ± 1.00%, respectively. Furthermore, after 30 min of exposure to O. americanum and O. basilicum EOs, the larval death rates were 73.60% ± 0.89% and 78.00% ± 1.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that the EOs extracted from the leaves of O. basilicum and O. americanum exhibited reasonable antioxidant, antibacterial, and mosquito larvicidal potentials, and can be used as alternative medicine for the treatment of human health and larvicidal mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Mahendran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Jeddi M, El Hachlafi N, Fadil M, Benkhaira N, Jeddi S, Benziane Ouaritini Z, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Combination of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybractea, Ormenis mixta, and Lavandula burnatii: Optimization of a New Complete Antibacterial Formulation Using Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:5593350. [PMID: 37645561 PMCID: PMC10462449 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5593350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify the volatile profile of three essential oils obtained from Eucalyptus polybractea cryptonifera (EPEO), Ormenis mixta (OMEO), and Lavandula burnatii briquet (LBEO) and to examine their combined antibacterial activity that affords the optimal inhibitory ability against S. aureus and E. coli using simplex-centroid mixture design and checkerboard assay. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). The antibacterial activity was performed using disc diffusion and microdilution assays. The chemical analysis revealed that 1,8-cineole (23.75%), p-cymene (22.47%), and α-pinene (11.20%) and p-menthane-1,8-diol (18.19%), α-pinene (10.81%), and D-germacrene (9.17%) were the main components detected in E. polybractea and O. mixta EOs, respectively. However, L. burnatii EO was mainly represented by linalool (24.40%) and linalyl acetate (18.68%). The EPEO, LBEO, and OMEO had a strong antibacterial effect on S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranging from 0.25 to 0.5% (v/v). Furthermore, the combination of 1/2048 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICLBEO showed a synergistic antibacterial effect on S. aureus with a FIC index of 0.25, while the formulation of 1/4 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICOMEO demonstrated an antibacterial synergistic activity on E. coli with a FIC index of 0.5. Moreover, the simplex-centroid mixture design reported that the most effective combinations on E. coli and S. aureus correspond to 32%/28%/40% and 35%/30%/35% of E. polybractea, O. mixta, and L. burnatii, respectively. Presented information highlights the action of antibacterial formulations of these EOs and suggests their potential applications as alternatives to commercialized drugs to contract the development of bacteria causing serious infections and food deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jeddi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30 000, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Fadil
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nesrine Benkhaira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samir Jeddi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Zineb Benziane Ouaritini
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30 000, Morocco
| | - Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
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Chaouqi S, Moratalla-López N, Alonso GL, Lorenzo C, Zouahri A, Asserar N, Haidar EM, Guedira T. Effect of Soil Composition on Secondary Metabolites of Moroccan Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:711. [PMID: 36840059 PMCID: PMC9959755 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate and soil are important factors that affect the quality of saffron. Saffron quality is determined by the marked content of secondary metabolites. The objective of this work was to study the effect of soil physicochemical properties on the secondary metabolites of saffron. Our study concerned the analysis of saffron samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-detection by diode array (HPLC-DAD). Soil samples were analyzed by physicochemical methods, ED-XRF fluorescence and X-ray diffraction to determine the different types of clays. Saffron samples grown in loam-clay-sand soils contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. In addition, saffron samples grown in soils rich in organic matter, phosphorus and potassium contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. This original approach was carried out for the first time in our study, both by ED-XRF fluorescence and by X-ray diffraction, to determine what elements affect the quality of saffron. Thus, we concluded that clays containing low amounts of iron could have a positive effect on the coloring strength of saffron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Chaouqi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Environment and Natural Resources Conservation Research Unit, INRA, CRRA, BP 6356, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Natalia Moratalla-López
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Gonzalo L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cándida Lorenzo
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Abdelmjid Zouahri
- Environment and Natural Resources Conservation Research Unit, INRA, CRRA, BP 6356, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Nazha Asserar
- Laboratory of Botany and Plant Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - El Mehdi Haidar
- Department of Mineral Chemistry, Mining Laboratories Division, ONHYM, Campus: 34, Avenue Al Fadila, City Yakoun El Mansour, BP 8030, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Guedira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
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Gurav TP, Dholakia BB, Giri AP. A glance at the chemodiversity of Ocimum species: Trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 21:879-913. [PMID: 34366748 PMCID: PMC8326315 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ocimum species represent commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants. The essential oil biosynthesized by Ocimum species is enriched with specialized metabolites specifically, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, various Ocimum species are known to exhibit diverse chemical profiles, and this chemical diversity has been at the center of many studies to identify commercially important chemotypes. Here, we present various chemotypes from the Ocimum species and emphasize trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. Globally, many Ocimum species have been analyzed for their essential oil composition in over 50 countries. Asia represents the highest number of chemotypes, followed by Africa, South America, and Europe. Ocimum basilicum L. has been the most widespread and well-studied species, followed by O. gratissimum L., O. tenuiflorum L., O. canum Sims, O. americanum and O. kilimandscharicum Gürke. Moreover, various molecular reasons, benefits, adverse health effects and mechanisms behind this vast chemodiversity have been discussed. Different strategies of plant breeding, metabolic engineering, transgenic, and tissue-culture, along with anatomical modifications, are surveyed to enhance specific chemotypic profiles and essential oil yield in numerous Ocimum species. Consequently, chemical characterization of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum species has become indispensable for its proper utilization. The present chemodiversity knowledge from Ocimum species will help to exploit various applications in the industrial, agriculture, biopharmaceutical, and food sectors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja P. Gurav
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | | | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Effect of drying on the essential oil traits and antioxidant potential J. regia L. leaves from Kumaun Himalaya. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Raina AP, Misra RC. Chemo-divergence in essential oil composition among germplasm collection of fiveOcimumspecies from eastern coastal plains of India. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2017.1371087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana P. Raina
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - R. C. Misra
- Regional Station ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Cuttack, India
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Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi AR, Ahmadian S. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Satureja hortensis L. essentiall oil against planktonic and biofilm growth of Candida albicans isolates from buccal lesions of HIV(+) individuals. Microb Pathog 2016; 96:1-9. [PMID: 27126187 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the oral cavity which usually occurs in the immunocompromised individuals. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common species of yeast responsible for oral candidiasis. This study investigated the effects of Satureja hortensis L. essentiall oil (EO) on the planktonic, biofilm formation and mature biofilms of C. albicans isolates from buccal lesions of HIV(+) individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT reduction assay, broth micro-dilution method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to determine the effect of mentioned EO on the C. albicans planktonic and biofilm forms. GC-GC/MS was used to detect the major active compounds of EO. RESULTS Thymol (45.9%), gamma-terpinen (16.71%), carvacrol (12.81%) and p-cymene (9.61%) were found as the most abundant constituents. MIC values ranged from 250 to 400 μg/ml and MFC values ranged from 350 to 500 μg/ml. All C. albicans isolates formed biofilm on polystyrene plats but the quantity of biofilm mass (optical density) was different for the isolates ranging from 0.850 to 0.559 nm. The mean of biofilm formation by C. albicans isolates was reduced by 87.1 ± 3.7%, 73.6 ± 5.1%, 69.4 ± 5.3% and 67 ± 4.2% at 4800, 3200, 2400 and 1600 μg/ml, respectively. In sub-MIC concentration, SEM analysis revealed loosening of cells, deformity of three dimensional structures of biofilms and shrinkage in cell membranes of sessile cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the substantial anti-fungal activity showed by S. hortensis L. EO suggests exploitation of this oil as potential natural anti-biofilm product to deal with the problem of buccal cavity lesion associated with C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Padalia RC, Verma RS, Chauhan A. Analyses of organ specific variations in essential oils of fourOcimumspecies. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2014.942808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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