Differentiation of twoPorophyllum ruderale(Jacq.) Cass. subspecies by the essential oil composition

The contribution of phenolics to the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract from Bolivian coriander (Porophyllum ruderale subsp. ruderale)

Porophyllum ruderale subsp. ruderale is a food product used for seasoning in Central and Southern America. The present research aimed to investigate the chemical composition of an extract prepared from aerial parts of P. ruderale using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS, to isolate and identify major natural products present in the extract, and to furtherly investigate their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Twenty-five compounds were detected and characterized using UV-Vis and MS data. All characterized compounds were quantified. Ten major phenolics were isolated and identified by NMR. One previously undescribed natural product was isolated and established as 1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy)benzoyl-6-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (12). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on the influence of the extract and isolated compounds on the TLR4-dependent secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α by human primary neutrophils in vitro. Phenolic acids, and caffeic acid derivatives in particular, contributed to the extract's bioactivity.

Metabolomic analysis among ten traditional "Arnica" (Asteraceae) from Brazil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Extracts of several Asteraceae species in Brazil are popularly used as anti-inflammatory. Some of these species are popularly recognizes as "arnica" because of the morphological and sensorial analogy with the traditional European Arnica montana. These used species in Brazil were identified as Calea uniflora Less, Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polák, Lychnophora ericoides Mart. Lychnophora pinaster Mart. Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass, Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski and Solidago chilensis Meyen. However, the comparative chemical profile of these so-called "arnicas" has never been reported in the literature.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This work aimed to compare the main plants recognized as "arnica" in Brazil by using metabolomic analysis, based on UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS² data and multivariate statistical analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The metabolites profiling of 10 "arnica" species were established by UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS². Three tinctures of each species (dry leaves) were produced and one aliquot of each tincture was injected and analyzed three times by UPLC-ESI-QTof-MS². Data were acquired both in negative and positive modes and processed by MassLynx®, MarkerLynx® and Matlab® softwares. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce dimensionality and data redundancy; hierarchical trees helped to identify and eliminate contaminated or misplaced injections/samples. To achieve the objectives both hierarchical and k-means clustering techniques were employed to group similar samples or species.

RESULTS

Diagnostic analysis of MS data allowed the identification of 54 metabolites. The identification was supported with the use of an external standard, fragmentation pattern and data from the literature. The main classes of identified compounds included phenolic acids, coumarin, flavonoids, heterosides, terpenoids and nitrogen compounds. Cluster analysis revealed that Sphagneticola trilobata, Solidago chilensis and Lychnophora pinaster have some chemical features similar to those of Arnica montana. In contrast, the same statistical analysis also showed that Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis, Porophyllum ruderale and Chaptalia nutans are chemically diverse from Arnica montana. The variability of the samples relied principally on nitrogenated compounds (confidence level 4) found in P. brasiliensis and P. ruderale, three phenolic compounds (level 2) detected in P. brasiliensis and in C. nutans and triterpenes (level 3) found in L. salicifolia and L. pinaster.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, the mass spectrometry technique in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis proved to be an excellent tool to identify correlated compounds, as well as to verify the chemical similarity among evaluated species. This methodology was successfully used to establish important correlations in medicinal preparations of so-called "arnicas" used in Brazil.