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Egbujor MC, Tucci P, Buttari B, Nwobodo DC, Marini P, Saso L. Phenothiazines: Nrf2 activation and antioxidant effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23661. [PMID: 38369721 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZs) are an emerging group of molecules showing effectiveness toward redox signaling and reduction of oxidative injury to cells, via the activation on Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Although several electrophilic and indirect Nrf2 activators have been reported, the risk of "off-target" effect due to the complexity of their molecular mechanisms of action, has aroused research interest toward non-electrophilic and direct modulators of Nrf2 pathway, such as PTZs. This review represents the first overview on the roles of PTZs as non-electrophilic Nrf2 activator and free radical scavengers, as well as on their potential therapeutic effects in oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Here, we provide a collective and comprehensive information on the PTZs ability to scavenge free radicals and activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway, with the aim to broaden the knowledge of their therapeutic potentials and to stimulate innovative research ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - David C Nwobodo
- Department of Microbiology, Renaissance University Ugbawka, Ugbawka, Nigeria
| | - Pietro Marini
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Foresterhill Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Thao PT, Tran BT, Thong NM, Quang DT, Hien NK, Nguyen MT, Nam PC. Substituent Effects on the N-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies, Ionization Energies, Acidities, and Radical Scavenging Behavior of 3,7-Disubstituted Phenoxazines and 3,7-Disubstituted Phenothiazines. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27572-27581. [PMID: 33134721 PMCID: PMC7594321 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The substituent effects on the N-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE), ionization energies (IE), acidities (proton affinity, PA), and radical scavenging behavior of 3,7-disubstituted phenoxazines (PhozNHs) and 3,7-disubstituted phenothiazines (PhtzNHs) were determined using density functional theory, with the M05-2X functional in conjunction with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. These thermochemical parameters calculated in both gas phase and benzene solution with respect to the changes in several different substituents including halogen, electron-withdrawing, and electron-donating groups at both 3 and 7 positions in both PhozNHs and PhtzNHs systems were analyzed in terms of the inherent relationships between them with some quantitative substituent effect parameters. The kinetic rate constants of hydrogen-atom exchange reactions between PhozNH and PhtzNH derivatives with the HOO• radical were also calculated, and the effects of the substituents on the kinetic behaviors of these reactions were thereby quantitatively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi
Thu Thao
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Da Nang-University
of Science and Technology, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
- Le
Quy Don Gifted High School Quang Tri, Dong Ha, Quang Tri 520000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Thuc Tran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Nguyen Khoa Hien
- Mientrung
Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute
for Computational Science and Technology (ICST), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Da Nang-University
of Science and Technology, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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3
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Guguloth V, Thirukovela NS, Paidakula S, Vadde R. One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of Some Novel Isoxazole-Phenothiazine Hybrids and Their Antibacterial Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Jangid DK, Guleria A, Gautam DC, Yadav H, Mathur M, Swami AK. Antimicrobial studies, synthesis and characterization of novel 1-nitro-10H-phenothiazine bearing sulfone/nucleoside moieties. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:533-549. [PMID: 30857466 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1576879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current research article involves one pot synthesis of novel substituted 1-nitro-10H-phenothiazines via Smiles rearrangement. These substituted phenothiazines undergo oxidation to yield 10H-phenothiazine-5,5-dioxides (sulfones) while on treatment with β-D-ribofuranose-1-acetate-2,3,5-tribenzoate yield ribofuranosides. These compounds were screened for their antimicrobial vitalities (in vitro) against selected strains of bacteria and fungi. The characterization of synthesized compounds was done by elemental and spectral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Jangid
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
| | - Anjali Guleria
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
| | - Dinesh C Gautam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
| | - Hemendra Yadav
- b Department of Chemistry , Malviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
| | - Manas Mathur
- c Seminal Applied Science Pvt. Ltd. , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
| | - Ajit Kumar Swami
- c Seminal Applied Science Pvt. Ltd. , Jaipur , Rajasthan , India
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5
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Starosotnikov AM, Nikol'skiy VV, Bastrakov MA, Kachala VV, Pavlov AA, Ugrak BI, Shevelev SA. Synthesis of Pyrido[2, 3-a]phenoxazines and Pyrido[2, 3-a]phenothiazines via Successive SN
Ar Processes. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladislav V. Nikol'skiy
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Chemistry Department; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1, bdg 3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Maxim A. Bastrakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vadim V. Kachala
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexander A. Pavlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS; Vavilova str. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Bogdan I. Ugrak
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Svyatoslav A. Shevelev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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6
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Onoabedje EA, Okoro UC, Knight DW, Sarkar A. Fuctionalization of Linear and Angular Phenothiazine and Phenoxazine Ring Systems via Pd(0)/XPhos Mediated Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-coupling Reactions. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Nigeria
| | - Uchechukwu C. Okoro
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Nigeria
| | - David W. Knight
- School of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry; Cardiff University; Wales UK
| | - Amitabha Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry; India Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 India
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7
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Gautam N, Garg A, Bishnoi AK, Agarwal S, Gautam DC. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Assessment of Synthesized and Spectrally Characterized New Nitrophenothiazines and their Sulfone Analogues. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.952004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004
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8
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Fadda AA, Fekri A, Bayoumy NM. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular modeling of some novel phenothiazine derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized and examined for antimicrobial activity. Most of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited high antimicrobial activity and the results were proven using theoretical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Fadda
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fekri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Nesma M. Bayoumy
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
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9
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Takács D, Egyed O, Drahos L, Riedl Z, Hajós G. A new synthetic approach to phenothiazine-2-amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Takács D, Nagy I, Bombicz P, Egyed O, Jemnitz K, Riedl Z, Molnár J, Amaral L, Hajós G. Selective hydroboration of dieneamines. Formation of hydroxyalkylphenothiazines as MDR modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4258-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Gautam N, Gupta S, Ajmera N, Gautam DC. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of 10H-Phenothiazines, Their Sulfones and Ribofuranosides. J Heterocycl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Gautam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
| | - Shikha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
| | - Neha Ajmera
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
| | - D. C. Gautam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
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12
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Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M. Recent progress in biological activities of synthesized phenothiazines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3179-89. [PMID: 21620536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent medicinal chemistry investigations in vitro and in vivo in search for new phenothiazines of promising biological activities. New phenothiazine derivatives (over 50 main structures) contain dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloaminoalkyl and aminoalkyl substituents and their acyl and sulfonyl derivatives, and other substituents with varied the monocyclic (pyrazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole) and bicyclic (quinolizine, pyrazolopyrimidine, thiazolopyridine, azabicyclononane and spiro[chromanpyrimidine] heterocycles linked directly or via the alkyl chain with the thiazine nitrogen atom or with the benzene ring. The modifications of the tricyclic ring system with the bicyclic homoaromatic ring (naphthalene) and monocyclic and bicyclic azine rings (pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine and quinoline) led to compounds of significant biological activities. Recently obtained phenothiazines exhibit promising antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifilarial, trypanocidal, anticonvulsant, analgesic, immunosuppressive and multidrug resistance reversal properties. These activities were the results of the actions of phenothiazines on biological systems via the interaction of the pharmacophoric substituent (in some cases of strict length), via the interaction of the multicyclic ring system (π-π interaction, intercalation in DNA) and via the lipophilic character allowing the penetration through the biological membranes. The activities were examined by using various biological systems such as cell lines, bacteria, viruses, parasites, laboratory mice, rats and rabbits, and monolayer and bilayer membranes. Some mechanisms of the actions are discussed. This review shows current tendency in the phenothiazine synthesis (without synthetic routes) and reveals the phenothiazine core to be very potent pharmacophoric moiety which can be a rich source of new compounds having desirable biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Gautam N, Ajmera N, Gupta S, Meena P, Kumar A, Gautam DC. Synthesis and Pharmacological Use of 10 H-Phenothiazines, Their Sulfones, and Ribofuranosides. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426501003671452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Gautam N, Ajmera N, Gupta S, Gautam DC. Synthesis, spectral characterization, and biological activity of some new substituted 10H-phenothiazines, its ribofuranosides, and sulfones. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:178-89. [PMID: 20408049 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003708538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of new substituted 10 H-phenothiazines by Smiles rearrangement. These compounds are then used as a base to form ribofuranosides by treating them with a sugar (1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-ribofuranose). On oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid, these phenothiazines yield their sulfones. These compounds are screened for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and their structure has been established by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, L.B.S. Govt. P.G. College, Kotputli, Jaipur, India
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15
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Dixit Y, Dixit R, Gautam N, Gautam DC. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of novel biologically active heterocycles: 10h-phenothiazines, their ribofuranosides, and sulfone derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:998-1006. [PMID: 20183568 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903362206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article deals with the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a series of novel substituted 10H-phenothiazines, their ribofuranosides, and sulfone derivatives. 10H-Phenothiazines were prepared by Smiles rearrangement. These prepared phenothiazines were used as the base to prepare ribofuranosides by treatment with sugar (1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoylribofuranose). Sulfone derivatives were prepared by the oxidation of 10H-phenothiazines. The structure of the synthesized compounds was established by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Gautam V, Sharma M, Panwar M, Gautam N, Kumar A, Sharma IK, Gautam DC. Synthetic Methodology, Spectral Elucidation, and Antioxidative Properties of Benzothianes and Their Sulfones. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802704225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Gautam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - Meenakshi Panwar
- b Department of Zoology , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - Naveen Gautam
- c Department of Chemistry , L.B.S. Govt. P.G. College , Kotputli, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- b Department of Zoology , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - I. K. Sharma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - D. C. Gautam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
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Zhu XQ, Dai Z, Yu A, Wu S, Cheng JP. Driving Forces for the Mutual Conversions between Phenothiazines and Their Various Reaction Intermediates in Acetonitrile. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11694-707. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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