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Chiarotto I, Mattiello L, Feroci M. The Electrogenerated Cyanomethyl Anion: An Old Base Still Smart. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3297-3308. [PMID: 31714056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cathodic reduction of acetonitrile solutions containing a tetraalkylammonium salt leads to the formation of the cyanomethyl anion (-CH2CN, cyanomethanide). This electrolysis can be carried out under very simple experimental conditions (constant-current electrolyses), using various cathodic materials, controlling the amount of base by simply controlling the amount of charge. Despite the fact that the mechanism for this electrochemical reaction is still debated (and it depends on the cathodic material), the outcome of the electrolysis is the formation of a strong base, -CH2CN (pKa 31.3 for acetonitrile in DMSO). The chemical behavior of this electrogenerated base (EGB) strongly depends on its counterion, which in this case is a tetraalkylammonium cation, with a low charge density and thus not coordinated. The very weak interaction between R4N+ and -CH2CN renders the cyanomethyl anion a "naked" ion, and thus highly reactive. In particular, the cyanomethyl anion can react as a base and as a nucleophile. In the first case, it behaves as a strong base and, after deprotonation of a weak acidic substrate, transforms itself into a solvent molecule, acetonitrile, thus generating no byproducts. In the second case, the reactivity as a nucleophile of the cyanomethyl anion obviously depends on the reaction partner. When an electrophile is present in the reaction mixture, a cyanomethylation is obtained (e.g., with aromatic aldehydes, possessing no acidic hydrogen atoms, which undergo nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon atom by -CH2CN); on the contrary, when no reagent is present other than acetonitrile and tetraalkylammonium salt, an attack on the parent molecule leads to the acetonitrile dimer, 3-aminocrotononitrile, which in turn can behave as a base and/or as a nucleophile. In this regard, some authors report that it is preferable to carry out the electrogeneration of the cyanomethyl anion under different experimental conditions, i.e., using an undivided cell and a sacrificial magnesium anode. In this way, a Grignard-type reagent is formed (Mg(CH2CN)2) which highly stabilizes the cyanomethyl anion, preventing its dimerization. It should be noted that in our laboratory the electrogenerated tetraalkylammonium cyanomethanide was extensively used in various reactions (both acid-base and nucleophile-electrophile, vide infra), and in almost no case, the amount of acetonitrile dimer formed exceeded 5%, confirming the validity of this electrochemical methodology to generate a very efficient base. Moreover, when in the reaction mixture both a weak acid and an electrophile are present, the prevalent reactivity of the cyanomethyl anion is as a base, leaving the possibility of a cyanomethylation reaction to those cases in which no acidic substrate is present. We have successfully used the electrogenerated cyanomethyl anion in many base-induced reactions, as the synthesis of the β-lactam ring (chiral or not), the insertion of carbon dioxide into amines and amino alcohols, the activation of elemental sulfur and insertion into carbonyl compounds, the selective alkylation of difunctional compounds, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, 00161, Roma, Italy
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Dehydrative condensation of β-aminoalcohols with CO2: An environmentally benign access to 2-oxazolidinone derivatives. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Efficient, straightforward, catalyst-free synthesis of medicinally important S-alkyl/benzyl dithiocarbamates under green conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sbei N, Haouas B, Chebbi M, Smida YB, Arfaoui Y, Boujlel K, Benkhoud ML. A convenient synthesis of alkyl-2-(2-imino-4-oxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)acetate derivatives involving an electrogenerated base of acetonitrile. J Sulphur Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2016.1259416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Sbei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Baya Haouas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Monia Chebbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Ben Smida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Microstructures and Micro-systems, University of Cartage, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, La Marsa, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Lamine Benkhoud
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Microstructures and Micro-systems, University of Cartage, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, La Marsa, Tunisia
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Sbei N, Haouas B, Boujlel K, Batanero B, Benkhoud ML. EGB-promoted electrochemical synthesis of 6-thioxo-[1,3,5]-triazinane-2,4 dione derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1166251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Haouas B, Saied T, Ayari H, Arfaoui Y, Benkhoud ML, Boujlel K. Electrogenerated base-promoted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-imino-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. J Sulphur Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2016.1155588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beya Haouas
- Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Taieb Saied
- Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Ayari
- Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Lamine Benkhoud
- Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunisia
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Medini H, Mekni NH, Boujlel K. Electrochemically generated base synthesis of thiazolidine-2-thiones. J Sulphur Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2015.1079635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Electrochemically generated base-promoted synthesis and biological activities of 2,4-disubstituted carbonotrithioates. J Sulphur Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2015.1024121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hamrouni K, Saied T, El Abed N, Ahmed SBH, Boujlel K, Khoud MLB. Electrogenerated base-promoted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-(1,3-dithian-2-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitrile and 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitrile. J Sulphur Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2015.1005620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Saied T, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. An Electrogenerated Base-Promoted Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3,3-Bis((Perfluoroalkyl) Thio)Acrylonitriles. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2013.765872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taieb Saied
- a Département de Chimie et de Biologie Appliquées , Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie , B. P. 676, 1080 , Tunis Cedex , Tunisie
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
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Toumi M, Sanhoury MA, Bordeau M, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. Hindered Rotation in Some Organic Dithiocarbamates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.723653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Toumi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire , Tunis , Tunisie
| | - Med Abderrahmane Sanhoury
- b Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis Campus Universitaire , Tunis , Tunisie
| | - Michel Bordeau
- c Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , Université Bordeaux 1 , Talence Cedex , France
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire , Tunis , Tunisie
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire , Tunis , Tunisie
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Saied T, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. Preparation of 3,3-bis(ethylthiol)-2-arylacrylonitrile and 3,3-bis(ethoxyacetatethiol)-2-arylacrylonitrile via an electrogenerated base-promoted reaction. J Sulphur Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2012.705285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taieb Saied
- a Département de Chimie et de Biologie Appliquées , Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie , B.P. 676, 1080 , Tunis Cedex , Tunisie
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis El-Manar , Campus Universitaire, 2092 , Tunis , Tunisia
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Tissaoui K, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. Electrogenerated base-promoted synthesis ofN-benzylic rhodanine and carbamodithioate derivatives. J Sulphur Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990903191752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tissaoui K, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. Electrogenerated base promoted synthesis of N-substituted-4-hydroxy-4-methylthiazolidine-2-thione derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3184/030823409x12572506562749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically-generated basic species from the reduction of acetonitrile assisted the condensation of carbon disulfide, primary arylmethylamines and chloroacetone to yield the corresponding N-substituted-4-hydroxy-4-methylthiazolidine-2-thione derivatives. In some cases, dehydration reaction led to the N-substituted-4-methylthiazole-2(3 H)-thione analogues. The effect of the electrogenerated base amount on the reaction yield was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Tissaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Campus Universitaire 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Campus Universitaire 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Boujlel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Campus Universitaire 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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