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Mataracı-Kara E, Bayrak N, Yıldız M, Yıldırım H, TuYuN AF. Exploring the Relationships between Structure and Antimicrobial Potency of Quinolinequinones. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101397. [PMID: 36290056 PMCID: PMC9598922 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are responsible for hospital infections, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of them. In looking for the most effective lead structures to cope with the rise of antimicrobial (antibiotic) resistance, we evaluated the antimicrobial profile of quinolinequinones for potential antimicrobial applications. 1,4-quinone molecules fused with heteroatom have been studied extensively for many years as a source of drugs and lead structures. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of quinolinequinones against bacterial and fungal strains, and to probe for potential lead structures. For this reason, the activity of these compounds against three different strains of Candida fungi (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis) and Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria were investigated, searching for potential lead compounds. Five of nine quinolinequinones showed activity mainly against the Gram-positive strains with a minimal inhibitory concentration within the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) levels. The results revealed that quinolinequinones have significant activity against bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and fungi including Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. QQ1, QQ2, QQ3, QQ5, and QQ6 exhibited the highest growth inhibition against two essential species of the Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Among these, four molecules (QQ2, QQ3, QQ5, and QQ6) were also active against Enterococcus faecalis, the other member of the Gram-positive strains. The antifungal profile of two quinolinequinones (QQ7 and QQ8) indicated that they were as effective as the reference drug Clotrimazole against Candida albicans. The same molecules also have potential inhibitory antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis. For better understanding, the most active two quinolinequinones (QQ2 and QQ6) were examined for biofilm inhibition and a time-kill kinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Mataracı-Kara
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Amaç Fatih TuYuN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34126, Turkey
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +90-2124400000
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Yıldırım H, Yıldız M, Bayrak N, Mataracı-Kara E, Radwan MO, Jannuzzi AT, Otsuka M, Fujita M, TuYuN AF. Promising Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Based on Thiolated Vitamin K3 Analogs: Synthesis, Bioevaluation, Molecular Docking. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:586. [PMID: 35631412 PMCID: PMC9146127 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we designed and synthesized thiolated VK3 analogs (VK3a-g) along with an extensive antimicrobial study. After the evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, we presented an initial structure-activity relationship study on these VK3 analogs. In particular, four thiolated VK3 analogs exhibited superior biological potency against some Gram-positive bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC® 29212). Next, all thiolated VK3 analogs were evaluated for their potential of cell growth inhibition on the NCI-60 cancer cell lines panel. This screening underlined that the thiolated VK3 analogs have no visible cytotoxicity on different cancer cell lines. The selected two thiolated VK3 analogs (VK3a and VK3b), having minimal hemolytic activity, which also have the lowest MIC values on S. aureus and E. faecalis, were further evaluated for their inhibition capacities on biofilm formation after evaluating their potential in vitro antimicrobial activity against each of the 20 clinically obtained resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. VK3b showed excellent antimicrobial activity against clinically resistant S. aureus isolates. Furthermore, the tested molecules showed nearly two log10 reduction in the viable cell count at six hours according to the time kill curve studies. Although these molecules decreased biofilm attachment about 50%, when sub-MIC concentrations were used these molecules increased the percentage of biofilm formation. The molecular docking of VK3a and VK3b in S. aureus thymidylate kinase was conducted in order to predict their molecular interactions. VK3a and VK3b exhibited excellent lead-likeness properties and pharmacokinetic profiles that qualify them for further optimization and development. In conclusion, since investigating efficient novel antimicrobial molecules is quite difficult, these studies are of high importance, especially in the present era of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (H.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey;
| | - Nilüfer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (H.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Emel Mataracı-Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey;
| | - Mohamed Osman Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (M.O.R.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ayse Tarbin Jannuzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (M.O.R.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (M.O.R.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Amaç Fatih TuYuN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34126, Turkey
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