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Bautista DD, Reyes MAV, González EAB, Bugarin A. Synthetic Approaches to α-, β-, γ-, and δ-lycoranes. European J Org Chem 2023; 26:e202300404. [PMID: 37927304 PMCID: PMC10624333 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Lycorane is a pentacyclic core presented in alkaloids isolated from the Amaryllidaceae family of herbaceous flowering plants. Members of this class of natural products have shown to display important biological properties including analgesic, antiviral, and antiproliferative activities. This review presents the known synthetic routes toward α-, β-, γ-, and δ-lycoranes. α-(19 routes), β-(10 routes), γ-(38 routes), and δ-(6 routes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Díaz Bautista
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Division Académica de Ciencias Básicas, carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán Tabasco 86690, México
| | - Miguel A Vilchis Reyes
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Division Académica de Ciencias Básicas, carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán Tabasco 86690, México
| | - Ever A Blé González
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Division Académica de Ciencias Básicas, carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán Tabasco 86690, México
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965
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A flexible radical approach to 5-substituted 4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrido[4,3-b]azepin-2-ones. Some mechanistic observations on the radical cyclisation-aromatisation process. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Z. Zard S, Bacqué E, El Qacémi M. A Flexible Convergent Route to Azaoxindoles, Azaindolines, Azaindoles, and Tetrahydroazaquinolones. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Laot Y, Petit L, Zard SZ. Synthesis of Fluoroazaindolines by an Uncommon Radical ipso Substitution of a Carbon−Fluorine Bond. Org Lett 2010; 12:3426-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Laot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent Petit
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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A Flexible Radical-Based Approach to TMS-Substituted Propargyl Alcohols and to 2,3-Allenols. Org Lett 2009; 11:2868-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900739x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Sato A, Yorimitsu H, Oshima K. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 1-aryl-1-thio-2-thiophosphinylethene derivatives via a radical process. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Charrier N, Zard SZ. Radical allylation with alpha-branched allyl sulfones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9443-6. [PMID: 18979487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Charrier
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Quiclet-Sire B, Woollaston D, Zard SZ. A versatile radical based approach to O-alkylated hydroxylamines and oximes. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Corbet M, Ferjančić Z, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Radical, One-Step Approach to o-Chlorophenyl Thioethers from Xanthates. A Rapid Access to Vinylsilanes. Org Lett 2008; 10:3579-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801348u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Corbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Zorana Ferjančić
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Corbet M, Zard SZ. Facile and Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-4-ones from β-Keto ε-Xanthyl Phosphonates. Org Lett 2008; 10:2861-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Corbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Corbet M, de Greef M, Zard SZ. A Highly Conjunctive β-Keto Phosphonate: Application to the Synthesis of Pyridine Alkaloids Xestamines C, E, and H. Org Lett 2007; 10:253-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Corbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Michiel de Greef
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Synthesis of substituted 3-arylpiperidines and 3-arylpyrrolidines by radical 1,4 and 1,2-aryl migrations. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Verron J, Joerger JM, Pucheault M, Vaultier M. Task specific onium salts (TSOSs) as efficient soluble supports for Zard radical addition to olefins. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Functionalization of S-(3-chloro-2-oxo-propyl)-O-ethyl xanthate 1 by two consecutive xanthate transfer reactions, followed by spirocyclization of the resulting dihydroxy ketones, provides a flexible and highly convergent access to diversely substituted spiroketals, containing five-, six-, and seven-membered rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel de Greef
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au C.N.R.S., Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Charrier N, Gravestock D, Zard SZ. Radical Additions of Xanthates to Vinyl Epoxides and Related Derivatives: A Powerful Tool for the Modular Creation of Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6520-3. [PMID: 16972293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Charrier
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS (UMR 7652), Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Charrier N, Gravestock D, Zard SZ. Radical Additions of Xanthates to Vinyl Epoxides and Related Derivatives: A Powerful Tool for the Modular Creation of Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Powerful CarbonCarbon Bond Forming Reactions Based on a Novel Radical Exchange Process. Chemistry 2006; 12:6002-16. [PMID: 16791885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Xanthates and related derivatives have proved to be extremely useful for both inter- and intramolecular radical additions. The broad applicability of the intermolecular addition to un-activated olefins opens tremendous opportunities for synthesis, since various functional groups can be brought together under mild conditions and complex structures can be rapidly assembled. The presence of the xanthate in the product is also a powerful asset for further modifications, by both radical and non-radical pathways. Of special importance is the access to highly substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic derivatives and the synthesis of block polymers through a controlled radical polymerisation mediated by various thiocarbonylthio group containing agents (RAFT and MADIX processes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS (UMR 7652), Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Ouvry G, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Substituted Allyl Diphenylphosphine Oxides as Radical Allylating Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5002-6. [PMID: 16856202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ouvry
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Associé, CNRS (UMR 7652), Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Ouvry G, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Substituted Allyl Diphenylphosphine Oxides as Radical Allylating Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Chapelon AS, Ollivier C, Santelli M. A short and convenient access to a trans-hydrindane unit from the anti-meso-acetylmethyldivinylcyclopentane via a radical pathway. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Bagal SK, de Greef M, Zard SZ. Cyano(ethoxycarbonothioylthio)methyl Benzoate: A Novel One-Carbon Radical Equivalent. Org Lett 2005; 8:147-50. [PMID: 16381589 DOI: 10.1021/ol052634m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Cyano(ethoxycarbonothioylthio)methyl benzoate 3 has been prepared and shown to be an excellent one-carbon radical equivalent that can be applied for the introduction of an acyl unit via xanthate transfer radical addition to olefins. The corresponding adducts can be further elaborated. A rare 1,5-nitrile translocation was also observed during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjeet K Bagal
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
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Gheorghe A, Quiclet-Sire B, Vila X, Zard SZ. Synthesis of 3-Arylpiperidines by a Radical 1,4-Aryl Migration. Org Lett 2005; 7:1653-6. [PMID: 15816775 DOI: 10.1021/ol0503642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A route to 3-arylpiperidines, 3-arylpyridines, and 5-arylpiperidin-2-ones involving a radical 1,4-aryl migration has been explored. The sequence requires a xanthate addition to an N-allylarylsulfonamide, followed by acetylation and treatment with dilauroyl peroxide to give the 1,4-aryl transfer product, which upon acidic hydrolysis affords the desired piperidine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Gheorghe
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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de Greef M, Zard SZ. Xanthates derived from 1,3-dithiane and its monosulfoxide; one-carbon radical equivalents. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moutrille C, Zard SZ. A new approach for the ortho -substitution of anilines and for the synthesis of indolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alajarín M, Vidal A, Ortín MM, Bautista D. Persistent radical effect in the intramolecular addition of benzylic radicals onto ketenimines: selective cross-coupling of α-(indol-2-yl)benzyl radicals with the 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radical. NEW J CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b312930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Intermolecular additions of cyclobutanone derived radicals. A convergent, highly efficient access to polycyclic cyclobutane containing structures. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] S-[1-(N-Acetylamino)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-O-ethyl dithiocarbonate (6), a readily available xanthate, adds efficiently to various functionalized olefins to give the corresponding adducts 8 via a radical chain reaction initiated by a small amount of lauroyl peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gagosz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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33
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Alajarin M, Vidal A, Ortin MM. First radical addition onto ketenimines: a novel synthesis of indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alajarín M, Vidal A, Ortín MM. Intramolecular addition of benzylic radicals onto ketenimines. Synthesis of 2-alkylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:4282-92. [PMID: 14685332 DOI: 10.1039/b310593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inter- and intramolecular addition of free radicals onto ketenimines is studied. All the attempts to add intermolecularly several silicon, oxygen or carbon centered radicals to N-(4-methylphenyl)-C,C-diphenyl ketenimine were unsuccessful. In contrast, the intramolecular addition of benzylic radicals, generated from xanthates, onto the central carbon of a ketenimine function with its N atom linked to the ortho position of the aromatic ring occurred under a variety of reaction conditions. These intramolecular cyclizations provide a novel radical-mediated synthesis of 2-alkylindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Alajarín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Gagosz F, Zard SZ. Tin-free radical sequences under acidic conditions. Convergent access to azole-containing structures. Org Lett 2002; 4:4345-8. [PMID: 12443094 DOI: 10.1021/ol0270024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Various xanthates add efficiently to olefins bearing [1,2,4]triazole, imidazole, or benzimidazole moieties in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid via a radical chain reaction initiated by a small amount of lauroyl peroxide. The adducts may be transformed to more complex molecules by implementing a further radical cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gagosz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Bacqué E, Pautrat F, Zard SZ. A flexible strategy for the divergent modification of pleuromutilin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2312-3. [PMID: 12430417 DOI: 10.1039/b206568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex antibacterial natural product, pleuromutilin, can be directly modified by the radical addition reaction of various xanthates to the unactivated terminal olefin present on C-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bacqué
- Aventis, Centre de Recherche de Romainville, 102 Route de Noisy, F-93235 Romainville, France
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Abstract
The radical reaction between an N-ethylsulfonylenamide and an alpha-xanthyl ketone gives an intermediate gamma-keto imine which spontaneously ring-closes to the pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
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Quiclet-Sire B, Sortais B, Zard SZ. A convergent approach to 3-substituted-5-methoxyindoles. Application to the synthesis of melatonin [correction]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:1692-3. [PMID: 12196953 DOI: 10.1039/b204371h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent, radical based synthesis of 5-methoxyindoles including melatonin is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
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Tate EW, Zard SZ. Efficient construction of polycyclic alkaloid synthetic precursors by a xanthate free radical addition and Mannich cyclisation cascade. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Miranda LD, Zard SZ. A short synthesis of the erythrina skeleton and of (+/-)-alpha-lycorane. Org Lett 2002; 4:1135-8. [PMID: 11922801 DOI: 10.1021/ol025534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new nonchain 5-endo radical cyclization starting with xanthates was exploited in a short synthesis of (+/-)-alpha-lycorane and the erythrina ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D Miranda
- Laboratoire de Sythèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Abstract
4-Unsubstituted isoxazolinones derived from the corresponding beta-ketoesters can be chlorinated and converted into 1-chloroalkynes upon treatment with sodium nitrite and ferrous sulfate in aqueous acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huppé
- Laboratoire de Syntèse Organique associé au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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