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Ikhlef L, Ratti N, Durand S, Formento R, Daverat H, Boutaud M, Guillou C, Dmytruk N, Gachard N, Cosette P, Jauberteau MO, Gallet PF. Extracellular vesicles from type-2 macrophages increase the survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41417-024-00802-7. [PMID: 38918490 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The resistance of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) B-cells to cell death is mainly attributed to interactions within their microenvironment, where they interact with various types of cells. Within this microenvironment, CLL-B-cells produce and bind cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the present study, EVs purified from nurse-like cells and M2-polarized THP1 cell (M2-THP1) cultures were added to CLL-B-cells cultures. EVs were rapidly internalized by B-cells, leading to a decrease in apoptosis (P = 0.0162 and 0.0469, respectively) and an increased proliferation (P = 0.0335 and 0.0109). Additionally, they induced an increase in the resistance of CLL-B-cells to Ibrutinib, the Bruton kinase inhibitor in vitro (P = 0.0344). A transcriptomic analysis showed an increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 (P = 0.0286) but not MCL-1 and an increase in the expression of proliferation-inducing gene APRIL (P = 0.0286) following treatment with EVs. Meanwhile, an analysis of apoptotic protein markers revealed increased amounts of IGFBP-2 (P = 0.0338), CD40 (P = 0.0338), p53 (P = 0.0219) and BCL-2 (P = 0.0338). Finally, exploration of EVs protein content by mass spectrometry revealed they carry various proteins involved in known oncogenic pathways and the RNAseq analysis of CLL-B-cells treated or not with NLCs EVs show various differentially expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Ikhlef
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
| | - Nina Ratti
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
| | | | - Rémy Formento
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
| | - Héloïse Daverat
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
| | - Marie Boutaud
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
| | - Clément Guillou
- PISSARO Proteomics Platform, Mont-Saint-Aignan Campus, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Natalya Dmytruk
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Gachard
- Hematology laboratory, UMR CNRS7276/ INSERM 1262, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Polymers, Biopolymers, Surface Laboratory, UMR 6270 CNRS, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- HeRacLeS-PISSARO, INSERM US 51, CNRS UAR 2026, Normandie University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- University of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1308, CAPTuR, Limoges, France
- Immunology laboratory, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
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Patton JT, Woyach JA. Targeting the B cell receptor signaling pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2024; 61:100-108. [PMID: 38749798 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant signal transduction through the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). BCR-dependent signaling is necessary for the growth and survival of neoplastic cells, making inhibition of down-stream pathways a logical therapeutic strategy. Indeed, selective inhibitors against Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) have been shown to induce high rates of response in CLL and other B cell lymphomas. In particular, the development of BTK inhibitors revolutionized the treatment approach to CLL, demonstrating long-term efficacy. While BTK inhibitors are widely used for multiple lines of treatment, PI3K inhibitors are much less commonly utilized, mainly due to toxicities. CLL remains an incurable disease and effective treatment options after relapse or development of TKI resistance are greatly needed. This review provides an overview of BCR signaling, a summary of the current therapeutic landscape, and a discussion of the ongoing trials targeting BCR-associated kinases.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Patton
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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Khodakarami A, Kashani MA, Nazer A, Kheshti AM, Rashidi B, Karpisheh V, Masjedi A, Abolhasani S, Izadi S, Bagherifar R, Hejazian SS, Mohammadi H, Movassaghpour A, Feizi AAH, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeted Silencing of NRF2 by rituximab-conjugated nanoparticles increases the sensitivity of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia cells to Cyclophosphamide. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:188. [PMID: 37528446 PMCID: PMC10391779 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting influential factors in resistance to chemotherapy is one way to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway overexpresses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and appears to have a significant part in their survival and chemotherapy resistance. Here we produced novel nanoparticles (NPs) specific for CD20-expressing CLL cells with simultaneous anti-Nrf2 and cytotoxic properties. METHODS Chitosan lactate (CL) was used to produce the primary NPs which were then respectively loaded with rituximab (RTX), anti-Nrf2 Small interfering RNA (siRNAs) and Cyclophosphamide (CP) to prepare the final version of the NPs (NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP). All interventions were done on both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs). RESULTS NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP had satisfying physicochemical properties, showed controlled anti-Nrf2 siRNA/CP release, and were efficiently transfected into CLL primary cells (both PBMCs and BMNCs). NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP were significantly capable of cell apoptosis induction and proliferation prevention marked by respectively decreased and increased anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors. Furthermore, use of anti-Nrf2 siRNA was corresponding to elevated sensitivity of CLL cells to CP. CONCLUSION Our findings imply that the combination therapy of malignant CLL cells with RTX, CP and anti-Nrf2 siRNA is a novel and efficient therapeutic strategy that was capable of destroying malignant cells. Furthermore, the use of NPs as a multiple drug delivery method showed fulfilling properties; however, the need for further future studies is undeniable. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Khodakarami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Nazer
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bentolhoda Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Masjedi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Shiva Abolhasani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Izadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kruchen A, Johann PD, Rekowski L, Müller I. Epigenetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Bone Marrow and Embryonal Tumors to Facilitate Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Pediatric Malignancies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2121-2135. [PMID: 36975506 PMCID: PMC10047030 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are part of the bone marrow architecture and contribute to the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, they are known to regulate immune effector cells. These properties of MSC are pivotal under physiologic conditions, and they may aberrantly also protect malignant cells. MSCs are also found in the leukemic stem cell niche of the bone marrow and as part of the tumor microenvironment. Here, they protect malignant cells from chemotherapeutic drugs and from immune effector cells in immunotherapeutic approaches. Modulation of these mechanisms may improve the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. We investigated the effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat™) on the immunomodulatory effect and cytokine profile of MSC derived from bone marrow and pediatric tumors. The immune phenotype of MSC was not markedly affected. SAHA-treated MSC showed reduced immunomodulatory effects on T cell proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity. This effect was accompanied by an altered cytokine profile of MSC. While untreated MSC inhibited the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, SAHA treatment led to a partial increase in IFNγ and TNFα secretion. These alterations of the immunosuppressive milieu might be beneficial for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kruchen
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal-David Johann
- Swabian Children’s Cancer Center, Children’s Hospital, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Rekowski
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-52720; Fax: +49-40-7410-40175
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Mkhwanazi ZA, Nyambuya TM, Mfusi SA, Nkambule BB. Prognostic markers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia on targeted therapy, chemoimmunotherapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1218. [PMID: 36434612 PMCID: PMC9701011 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) consisting of anti-CD20 has improved the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We performed a comprehensive synthesis of prognostic factors in patients with CLL on combined CIT with anti-CD20 antibodies compared with standard chemotherapy alone or targeted therapy.We searched the MEDLINE and academic search complete electronic databases as well as clinicaltrials.gov (from inception up to 01 August 2022) for randomised controlled trials examining chemoimmunotherapy and targeted therapy in patients with CLL. The risk of bias and the quality of evidence was assessed using the quality in prognostic studies tool (QUIPS).A total of 10 prognostic factors were identified and evaluated in patients with CLL on anti-CD20 antibody-containing CIT. The predictive value of the following prognostic factors was confirmed and associated with poor patient outcomes; deletion 17p (HR = 3.39), Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene mutation status (HR = 0.96) and β2-microglobulin (HR = 1.41).Conventional predictive factors may have retained prognostic value and could be useful in the stratification of patients who may be non-responsive to CIT.Trial registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registry (CRD42021218997).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekhethelo A. Mkhwanazi
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences (SLMMS), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- grid.442466.60000 0000 8752 9062Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Snenhlanhla A. Mfusi
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences (SLMMS), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences (SLMMS), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Adverse events in lymphoma patients treated with phosphoinositide 3 kinase Inhibitor in clinical trials: a meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:1741-1753. [PMID: 35688904 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant lymphomas are one of the most common cancers worldwide and with high biologic heterogeneity, while the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/mTOR pathway is crucial in maintaining cell growth and survival both in physiological and in pathological conditions (i.e., lymphoma). PI3K inhibitors have been proven to be effective in several subtypes of lymphomas. However, the high incidence of treatment-related adverse events as well as the special safety profile in PI3K inhibitors draws great attention. Thus, this meta-analysis was conducted to compare adverse events in PI3K inhibitors to conventional regimens in lymphoma patients. METHODS Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase to identify randomized controlled trials and phase III clinical trials that used PI3K inhibitors comparing with non-PI3K inhibitors in lymphoma patients. To achieve the appropriate results, we calculated the risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Four trials with 1399 patients that met our criteria were included. The PI3K inhibitors group significantly increased the risk of all-grade adverse events (AEs) (RR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) and high-grade AEs (RR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.57-0.70), compared with the non-PI3K inhibitors group. Besides, the incidence of neutropenia (RR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74-0.90), pneumonia (RR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46-0.83), and diarrhea (RR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.32-0.49) were significantly high in the PI3Ki group, while the incidence of anemia (RR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.50-1.20) and thrombocytopenia (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.51-1.42) had no statistic significant. CONCLUSION PI3K inhibitors increased the risk of certain AEs in lymphoma patients.
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Olbertova H, Plevova K, Pavlova S, Malcikova J, Kotaskova J, Stranska K, Spunarova M, Trbusek M, Navrkalova V, Dvorackova B, Tom N, Pal K, Jarosova M, Brychtova Y, Panovska A, Doubek M, Pospisilova S. Evolution of TP53 abnormalities during CLL disease course is associated with telomere length changes. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35114947 PMCID: PMC8812042 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Telomeres are protective structures at chromosome ends which shorten gradually with increasing age. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), short telomeres have been associated with unfavorable disease outcome, but the link between clonal evolution and telomere shortening remains unresolved. Methods We investigated relative telomere length (RTL) in a well-characterized cohort of 198 CLL patients by qPCR and focused in detail on a subgroup 26 patients who underwent clonal evolution of TP53 mutations (evolTP53). In the evolTP53 subgroup we explored factors influencing clonal evolution and corresponding changes in telomere length through measurements of telomerase expression, lymphocyte doubling time, and BCR signaling activity. Results At baseline, RTL of the evolTP53 patients was scattered across the entire RTL spectrum observed in our CLL cohort. RTL changed in the follow-up samples of 16/26 (62%) evolTP53 cases, inclining to reach intermediate RTL values, i.e., longer telomeres shortened compared to baseline while shorter ones prolonged. For the first time we show that TP53 clonal shifts are linked to RTL change, including unexpected RTL prolongation. We further investigated parameters associated with RTL changes. Unstable telomeres were significantly more frequent among younger patients (P = 0.032). Shorter telomeres were associated with decreased activity of the B-cell receptor signaling components p-ERK1/2, p-ZAP-70/SYK, and p-NFκB (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, and P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions Our study revealed that changes of telomere length reflect evolution in leukemic subclone proportion, and are associated with specific clinico-biological features of the explored cohort. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09221-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Olbertova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Malcikova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kotaskova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Stranska
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Spunarova
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Navrkalova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Dvorackova
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Tom
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Pal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jarosova
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Panovska
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Interleukin (IL)-9 Supports the Tumor-Promoting Environment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246301. [PMID: 34944921 PMCID: PMC8699356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Interleukin 9 (IL-9), a soluble factor secreted by immune cells, has been found in several tumor niches where, depending on the specific tumor type, it either promotes or counteracts tumor development. Recently, IL-9 has been implicated in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the roles of IL-9 in disease, with a focus on its implication in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 is a soluble factor secreted by immune cells into the microenvironment. Originally identified as a mediator of allergic responses, IL-9 has been detected in recent years in several tumor niches. In solid tumors, it mainly promotes anti-tumor immune responses, while in hematologic malignancies, it sustains the growth and survival of neoplastic cells. IL-9 has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its contribution to this complex neoplasia are still unclear. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of IL-9 in the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on its role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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9
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Alankus B, Ecker V, Vahl N, Braun M, Weichert W, Macher-Göppinger S, Gehring T, Neumayer T, Zenz T, Buchner M, Ruland J. Pathological RANK signaling in B cells drives autoimmunity and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211464. [PMID: 33075129 PMCID: PMC7868734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests alterations in receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling are key contributors to B cell autoimmunity and malignancy, but the pathophysiological consequences of aberrant B cell–intrinsic RANK signaling remain unknown. We generated mice that express a human lymphoma–derived, hyperactive RANKK240E variant in B lymphocytes in vivo. Forced RANK signaling disrupted B cell tolerance and induced a fully penetrant systemic lupus erythematosus–like disease in addition to the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Importantly, RANKK240E transgenic CLL cells as well as CLL cells of independent murine and of human origin depend on microenvironmental RANK ligand (RANKL) for tumor cell survival. Consequently, inhibition of the RANKL–RANK axis with anti-RANKL antibodies killed murine and human CLL cells in vitro and in vivo. These results establish pathological B cell–intrinsic RANK signaling as a potential driver of autoimmunity and B cell malignancy, and they suggest the exploitation of clinically available anti-RANKL compounds for CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Alankus
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Ecker
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Vahl
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Braun
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Torben Gehring
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Neumayer
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
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10
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Impact of Immune Parameters and Immune Dysfunctions on the Prognosis of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153856. [PMID: 34359757 PMCID: PMC8345723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), immune alterations—affecting both the innate and adaptive immunity—are very common. As a clinical consequence, patients with CLL frequently present with autoimmune phenomena, increased risk of infections and second malignancies. The aim of this review article is to present available data on CLL-associated alterations of immune parameters that correlate with known prognostic markers and with clinical outcome. Also, data on the impact of immune-related clinical manifestations on the prognosis of patients with CLL will be discussed. Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a wide spectrum of immune alterations, affecting both the innate and adaptive immunity. These immune dysfunctions strongly impact the immune surveillance, facilitate tumor progression and eventually affect the disease course. Quantitative and functional alterations involving conventional T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, NK and NKT cells, and myeloid cells, together with hypogammaglobulinemia, aberrations in the complement pathways and altered cytokine signature have been reported in patients with CLL. Some of these immune parameters have been shown to associate with other CLL-related characteristics with a known prognostic relevance or to correlate with disease prognosis. Also, in CLL, the complex immune response dysfunctions eventually translate in clinical manifestations, including autoimmune phenomena, increased risk of infections and second malignancies. These clinical issues are overall the most common complications that affect the course and management of CLL, and they also may impact overall disease prognosis.
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11
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Recent discovery of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ inhibitors for the treatment of immune diseases and cancers. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:2151-2169. [PMID: 31538525 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, PI3Kγ, a vital kinase, which involved in numerous intracellular signaling pathways, has been considered as a promising drug target for the treatment of immune diseases and certain cancers. Before the 21st century, few selective PI3Kγ inhibitors were discovered because no non-conserved structure in the ATP binding sites of PI3Kγ had been found. Since the discovery of the non-ATP binding pocket, the reported structures of potent and selective PI3Kγ inhibitors have become more diverse, and one compound (IPI549) has entered Phase I clinical trial. This review centers on a general overview of PI3Kγ inhibitors in clinical and preclinical as well as further therapeutic applications in human diseases.
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12
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Tibaldi E, Federti E, Matte A, Iatcenko I, Wilson AB, Riccardi V, Pagano MA, De Franceschi L. Oxidation Impacts the Intracellular Signaling Machinery in Hematological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040353. [PMID: 32344529 PMCID: PMC7222375 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic coordination between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for cell homeostasis, in response to different stresses. The functional connection between oxidation and the intracellular signaling machinery still remains to be investigated. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as modulators directly targeting kinases, phosphatases, and downstream modulators, or indirectly acting on cysteine residues on kinases/phosphatases resulting in protein conformational changes with modulation of intracellular signaling pathway(s). Translational studies have revealed the important link between oxidation and signal transduction pathways in hematological disorders. The intricate nature of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, based on the generation of complex networks of different types of signaling proteins, revealed the novel and important role of phosphatases together with kinases in disease mechanisms. Thus, therapeutic approaches to abnormal signal transduction pathways should consider either inhibition of overactivated/accumulated kinases or homeostatic signaling resetting through the activation of phosphatases. This review discusses the progress in the knowledge of the interplay between oxidation and cell signaling, involving phosphatase/kinase systems in models of globally distributed hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Enrica Federti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Iana Iatcenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Anand B. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Veronica Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-812-4401
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13
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Optimized Xenograft Protocol for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Results in High Engraftment Efficiency for All CLL Subgroups. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246277. [PMID: 31842407 PMCID: PMC6940872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical drug development for human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) requires robust xenograft models recapitulating the entire spectrum of the disease, including all prognostic subgroups. Current CLL xenograft models are hampered by inefficient engraftment of good prognostic CLLs, overgrowth with co-transplanted T cells, and the need for allogeneic humanization or irradiation. Therefore, we aimed to establish an effective and reproducible xenograft protocol which allows engraftment of all CLL subtypes without the need of humanization or irradiation. Unmanipulated NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Sug/JicTac (NOG) mice in contrast to C.Cg-Rag2tm1Fwa-/-Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac (BRG) mice allowed engraftment of all tested CLL subgroups with 100% success rate, if CLL cells were fresh, injected simultaneously intra-peritoneally and intravenously, and co-transferred with low fractions of autologous T cells (2%–4%). CLL transplanted NOG mice (24 different patients) developed CLL pseudofollicles in the spleen, which increased over 4–6 weeks, and were then limited by the expanding autologous T cells. Ibrutinib treatment studies were performed to validate our model, and recapitulated treatment responses seen in patients. In conclusion, we developed an easy-to-use CLL xenograft protocol which allows reliable engraftment for all CLL subgroups without humanization or irradiation of mice. This protocol can be widely used to study CLL biology and to explore novel drug candidates.
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14
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Haynes HR, Rose DSC. Synchronous small lymphocytic lymphoma and metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes: Preservation of follicular architecture only in the portions of affected lymph nodes involved by metastatic carcinoma. Breast J 2019; 26:245-246. [PMID: 31538688 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of metastatic ductal carcinoma of breast with the incidental discovery of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) in regional axillary nodes. The co-occurence of metastatic carcinoma and low-grade lymphoma in lymph nodes is rare but well recognized. However, in this case, in the lymph nodes in which sizeable metastatic carcinoma deposits were present, the follicular structures between the sinusoidal carcinomatous infiltrates were preserved, whereas the uninvolved portions of the nodes were overrun by SLL. This is the first description of this phenomenon. We suggest that further cases displaying this previously unpublished pattern are collated in order that we may begin to investigate the underlying etiological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK.,Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Simon C Rose
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK
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15
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Hussain M, Adah D, Tariq M, Lu Y, Zhang J, Liu J. CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis in cancer. Life Sci 2019; 227:175-186. [PMID: 31026453 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises stromal and tumor cells which interact with each other through complex cross-talks that are mediated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. The chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) are among the key chemotactic factors which play crucial roles in deriving cancer cell biology. CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis makes pivotal contributions to the development and progression of several human cancers. In this review, we discuss how CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling modulates cancer cell ability to grow, proliferate, invade, and metastasize. Furthermore, we also discuss the preliminary evidence on context-dependent functioning of this axis within the tumor-immune microenvironment, thus, highlighting its potential dichotomy with respect to anticancer immunity and cancer immune-evasion mechanisms. At the end, we briefly shed light on the therapeutic potential or implications of targeting CXCL13/CXCR5 axis within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Hussain
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dickson Adah
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Heath, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Muqddas Tariq
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China.
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China.
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16
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Ciardullo C, Aptullahoglu E, Woodhouse L, Lin WY, Wallis JP, Marr H, Marshall S, Bown N, Willmore E, Lunec J. Non-genotoxic MDM2 inhibition selectively induces a pro-apoptotic p53 gene signature in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2429-2442. [PMID: 31004033 PMCID: PMC6959162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. In approximately 90% of cases the TP53 gene is in its wildtype state at diagnosis of this malignancy. As mouse double-minute-2 homolog (MDM2) is a primary repressor of p53, targeting this protein is an attractive therapeutic approach for non-genotoxic reactivation of p53. Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3a, newer potent and bioavailable compounds have been developed. In this study we tested the second-generation MDM2 inhibitor, RG7388, in patient-derived CLL cells and normal cells, examining its effect on the induction of p53-transcriptional targets. RG7388 potently decreased viability in p53-functional CLL cells, whereas p53-non-functional samples were more resistant to the drug. RG7388 induced a pro-apoptotic gene expression signature with upregulation of p53-target genes involved in the intrinsic (PUMA, BAX) and extrinsic (TNFRSF10B, FAS) pathways of apoptosis, as well as MDM2. Only a slight induction of CDKN1A was observed and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes dominated, indicating that CLL cells are primed for p53-dependent apoptosis. Consequently, RG7388 led to a concentration-dependent increase in caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Importantly, we observed a preferential pro-apoptotic signature in CLL cells but not in normal blood and bone marrow cells, including CD34+ hematopoietic cells. These data support the further evaluation of MDM2 inhibitors as a novel additional treatment option for patients with p53-functional CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ciardullo
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Erhan Aptullahoglu
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Laura Woodhouse
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Jonathan P Wallis
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Helen Marr
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Scott Marshall
- Department of Haematology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland
| | - Nick Bown
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
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17
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Capitani N, Lori G, Paoli P, Patrussi L, Troilo A, Baldari CT, Raugei G, D'Elios MM. LMW-PTP targeting potentiates the effects of drugs used in chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:67. [PMID: 30948927 PMCID: PMC6429822 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) is overexpressed in different cancer types and its expression is related to more aggressive disease, reduced survival rate and drug resistance. Morin is a natural polyphenol which negatively modulates, among others, the activity of LMW-PTP, leading to the potentiation of the effects of different antitumoral drugs, representing a potential beneficial treatment against cancer. Methods LMW-PTP levels were measured by immunoblot analysis both in CLL cells from patients and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-derived Mec-1 cells. Cell viability was assessed in Mec-1 cells treated with morin alone or in combination with either fludarabine or ibrutinib or following siRNA-mediated LMW-PTP knockdown. Furthermore, the expression levels of VLA-4 and CXCR4 were assessed by both qRT-PCR and flow cytometry and both adhesion to fibronectin-coated plates and migration toward CXCL12 were analyzed in Mec-1 cells treated with morin alone or in combination with fludarabine or ibrutinib. Results We observed that LMW-PTP is highly expressed in Mec-1 cells as well as in leukemic B lymphocytes purified from CLL patients compared to normal B lymphocytes. Morin treatment strongly decreased LMW-PTP expression levels in Mec-1 cells and potentiated the anticancer properties of both fludarabine and ibrutinib by increasing their apoptotic effects on leukemic cells. Moreover, morin negatively regulates adhesion and CXCL12-dependent migration of Mec-1 cells by affecting VLA-4 integrin expression and CXCR4 receptor recycling. Conclusions Morin treatment in CLL-derived Mec-1 cell line synergizes with conventional anticancer drugs currently used in CLL therapy by affecting leukemic cell viability and trafficking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0786-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaja Capitani
- 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,3Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Lori
- 2Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- 2Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Patrussi
- 3Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Troilo
- 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Raugei
- 2Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Ding L, Zhang W, Yang L, Pelicano H, Zhou K, Yin R, Huang R, Zeng J. Targeting the autophagy in bone marrow stromal cells overcomes resistance to vorinostat in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5151-5170. [PMID: 30210236 PMCID: PMC6114474 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bone marrow microenvironment constitutes a sanctuary for leukemia cells. Recent evidence indicates that environment-mediated drug resistance arises from a reciprocal influence between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells on the metabolism of bone marrow stroma, to determine the role of this metabolic change in the stroma in vorinostat resistance of CLL cells, and thus to assess a novel strategy to target stroma and achieve the maximum therapeutic effect of vorinostat. Methods To evaluate this issue, we used freshly isolated CLL cells from peripheral blood samples of patients with CLL, and co-cultured them with bone marrow stromal cell lines to examine autophagy activity and metabolic changes in both CLL cells and stromal cells after vorinostat treatment. Results The results demonstrated that CLL cells were under intrinsic oxidative stress which was further enhanced by vorinostat treatment, and released H2O2 outside the cells. The adjacent stromal cells took up H2O2 and drove autophagy, mitophagy and glycolysis, resulting in the local production of high-energy mitochondrial fuels, which were then taken up by CLL cells to be effectively utilized through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to enable more ATP production. Notably, targeting autophagic stromal cells with autophagy inhibitor remarkably decreased stromal protection against vorinostat treatment in CLL cells. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the stroma in the CLL microenvironment is abnormal and undergoes autophagy, and manipulation of autophagic stromal cells could serve as a novel promising strategy to circumvent stroma-mediated drug resistance in CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China, .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Helene Pelicano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Kaiwen Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
| | - Ruibin Huang
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
| | - Junyi Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
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19
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Edwards V DK, Sweeney DT, Ho H, Eide CA, Rofelty A, Agarwal A, Liu SQ, Danilov AV, Lee P, Chantry D, McWeeney SK, Druker BJ, Tyner JW, Spurgeon SE, Loriaux MM. Targeting of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in the CLL microenvironment yields antineoplastic activity in primary patient samples. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24576-24589. [PMID: 29872489 PMCID: PMC5973855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In many malignancies, the tumor microenvironment includes CSF1R-expressing supportive monocyte/macrophages that promote tumor cell survival. For chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), these supportive monocyte/macrophages are known as nurse-like cells (NLCs), although the potential effectiveness of selective small-molecule inhibitors of CSF1R against CLL is understudied. Here, we demonstrate the preclinical activity of two inhibitors of CSF1R, GW-2580 and ARRY-382, in primary CLL patient samples. We observed at least 25% of CLL samples showed sub-micromolar sensitivity to CSF1R inhibitors. This sensitivity was observed in samples with varying genetic and clinical backgrounds, although higher white cell count and monocyte cell percentage was associated with increased sensitivity. Depleting CD14-expressing monocytes preferentially decreased viability in samples sensitive to CSF1R inhibitors, and treating samples with CSF1R inhibitors eliminated the presence of NLCs in long-term culture conditions. These results indicate that CSF1R small-molecule inhibitors target CD14-expressing monocytes in the CLL microenvironment, thereby depriving leukemia cells of extrinsic support signals. In addition, significant synergy was observed combining CSF1R inhibitors with idelalisib or ibrutinib, two current CLL therapies that disrupt tumor cell intrinsic B-cell receptor signaling. These findings support the concept of simultaneously targeting supportive NLCs and CLL cells and demonstrate the potential clinical utility of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Edwards V
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Tyler Sweeney
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hibery Ho
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Angela Rofelty
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Selina Qiuying Liu
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexey V Danilov
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephen E Spurgeon
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marc M Loriaux
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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20
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Ali AY, Wu X, Eissa N, Hou S, Ghia JE, Murooka TT, Banerji V, Johnston JB, Lin F, Gibson SB, Marshall AJ. Distinct roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ and δ in malignant B cell migration. Leukemia 2018; 32:1958-1969. [PMID: 29479062 PMCID: PMC6127087 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The PI 3-kinases (PI3K) are essential mediators of chemokine receptor signaling necessary for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and their interaction with tissue-resident stromal cells. While the PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor idelalisib shows efficacy in treatment of CLL and other B cell malignancies, the function of PI3Kγ has not been extensively studied in B cells. Here, we assess whether PI3Kγ has non-redundant functions in CLL migration and adhesion to stromal cells. We observed that pharmaceutical PI3Kγ inhibition with CZC24832 significantly impaired CLL cell migration, while dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor duvelisib had a greater impact than single isoform-selective inhibitors. Knockdown of PI3Kγ reduced migration of CLL cells and cell lines. Expression of the PI3Kγ subunits increased in CLL cells in response to CD40L/IL-4, whereas BCR cross-linking had no effect. Overexpression of PI3Kγ subunits enhanced cell migration in response to SDF1α/CXCL12, with the strongest effect observed within ZAP70 + CLL samples. Microscopic tracking of cell migration within chemokine gradients revealed that PI3Kγ functions in gradient sensing and impacts cell morphology and F-actin polarization. PI3Kγ inhibition also reduced CLL adhesion to stromal cells to a similar extent as idelalisib. These findings provide the first evidence that PI3Kγ has unique functions in malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Ali
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrooke St., Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Versha Banerji
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James B Johnston
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Allen Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada. .,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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21
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Patrussi L, Capitani N, Cattaneo F, Manganaro N, Gamberucci A, Frezzato F, Martini V, Visentin A, Pelicci PG, D'Elios MM, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Baldari CT. p66Shc deficiency enhances CXCR4 and CCR7 recycling in CLL B cells by facilitating their dephosphorylation-dependent release from β-arrestin at early endosomes. Oncogene 2018; 37:1534-1550. [PMID: 29326436 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic cell traffic abnormalities are central to the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Enhanced CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) recycling contributes to the elevated surface levels of these receptors on CLL cells. Here we have addressed the role of p66Shc, a member of the Shc family of protein adaptors the expression of which is defective in CLL cells, in CXCR4/CCR7 recycling. p66Shc reconstitution in CLL cells reduced CXCR4/CCR7 recycling, lowering their surface levels and attenuating B-cell chemotaxis, due to their accumulation in Rab5+ endosomes as serine-phosphoproteins bound to β-arrestin. This results from the ability of p66Shc to inhibit Ca2+ and PP2B-dependent CXCR4/CCR7 dephosphorylation and β-arrestin release. We also show that ibrutinib, a Btk inhibitor that promotes leukemic cell mobilization from lymphoid organs, reverses the CXCR4/CCR7 recycling abnormalities in CLL cells by increasing p66Shc expression. These results, identifying p66Shc as a regulator of CXCR4/CCR7 recycling in B cells, underscore the relevance of its deficiency to CLL pathogenesis and provide new clues to the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of ibrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Noemi Manganaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mario M D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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22
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Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor miR-3151 contributes to Chinese chronic lymphocytic leukemia by constitutive activation of MADD/ERK and PIK3R2/AKT signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44422-36. [PMID: 26517243 PMCID: PMC4792566 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that miR-3151, localized to a GWAS-identified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) risk locus (8q22.3), is a tumor suppressor miRNA silenced by promoter DNA methylation in CLL. The promoter of miR-3151 was methylated in 5/7 (71%) CLL cell lines, 30/98 (31%) diagnostic primary samples, but not normal controls. Methylation of miR-3151 correlated inversely with expression. Treatment with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine led to promoter demethylation and miR-3151 re-expression. Luciferase assay confirmed MAP-kinase activating death domain (MADD) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) as direct targets of miR-3151. Moreover, restoration of miR-3151 resulted in inhibition of cellular proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, repression of MADD and PIK3R2, downregulation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling, and repression of MCL1. Lastly, miR-3151 methylation was significantly associated with methylation of miR-203 and miR-34b/c in primary CLL samples. Therefore, this study showed that miR-3151 is a tumor suppressive miRNA frequently hypermethylated and hence silenced in CLL. miR-3151 silencing by DNA methylation protected CLL cells from apoptosis through over-expression of its direct targets MADD and PIK3R2, hence constitutive activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling respectively, and consequently over-expression of MCL1.
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23
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Crassini K, Shen Y, Mulligan S, Giles Best O. Modeling the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:266-279. [PMID: 27756161 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1204654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironments within the lymph node and bone marrow promote proliferation and drug resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Successful treatment of CLL must therefore target the leukemic cells within these compartments. A better understanding of the interaction between CLL cells and the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of in vitro models that mimic the mechanisms that support leukemic cell survival and proliferation in vivo. Employing these models as part of the pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutic agents enables a better approximation of their potential clinical efficacy. In this review we summarize the current literature describing how different aspects of the tumor microenvironment have been modeled in vitro and detail how these models have been employed to study the biology of the disease and potential efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yandong Shen
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Stephen Mulligan
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
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24
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Alsagaby SA, Brennan P, Pepper C. Key Molecular Drivers of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2016; 16:593-606. [PMID: 27601002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an adult neoplastic disease of B cells characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Although some patients have an aggressive form of the disease and often encounter treatment failure and short survival, others have more stable disease with long-term survival and little or no need for theraphy. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular drivers that affect the natural pathology of CLL. The present review describes what is known about these key molecules in the context of their role in tumor pathogenicity, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Zuli, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Brennan
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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25
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IL-4 rescues surface IgM expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:553-62. [PMID: 27226435 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-682997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells express poor levels of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), and many are minimally activated or anergic in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking in vitro. Paradoxically, CLL cells in patients are highly activated through BCR signaling and expand in proliferation centers, suggesting that the function of sIg signaling is rescued. Here, we find that, compared with normal naïve B cells, CLL cells express a low level of total CD79b protein but normal levels of CD79a and IgM protein. Association of both CD79a and CD79b to IgM is markedly reduced. We further find that interleukin-4 (IL-4) markedly rescues CD79b and sIgM protein in CLL samples. These changes significantly enhance signaling in response to BCR crosslinking. Furthermore, we find that these changes are more pronounced in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV)-unmutated CLL cells than IGHV-mutated CLL cells. The results described herein reveal that reduced sIgM is due to low expression of total CD79b protein in CLL cells. IL-4 substantially restores CD79b protein expression, sIgM expression, and BCR signaling.
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26
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Elimination of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in stromal microenvironment by targeting CPT with an antiangina drug perhexiline. Oncogene 2016; 35:5663-5673. [PMID: 27065330 PMCID: PMC5064824 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in the western countries and is currently incurable due, in part, to difficulty in eliminating the leukemia cells protected by stromal microenvironment. Based on previous observations that CLL cells exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism and that carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT) have a major role in transporting fatty acid into mitochondria to support cancer cell metabolism, we tested several clinically relevant inhibitors of lipid metabolism for their ability to eliminate primary CLL cells. We discovered that perhexiline, an antiangina agent that inhibits CPT, was highly effective in killing CLL cells in stromal microenvironment at clinically achievable concentrations. These effective concentrations caused low toxicity to normal lymphocytes and normal stromal cells. Mechanistic study revealed that CLL cells expressed high levels of CPT1 and CPT2. Suppression of fatty acid transport into mitochondria by inhibiting CPT using perhexiline resulted in a depletion of cardiolipin, a key component of mitochondrial membranes, and compromised mitochondrial integrity, leading to rapid depolarization and massive CLL cell death. The therapeutic activity of perhexiline was further demonstrated in vivo using a CLL transgenic mouse model. Perhexiline significantly prolonged the overall animal survival by only four drug injections. Our study suggests that targeting CPT using an antiangina drug is able to effectively eliminate leukemia cells in vivo, and is a novel therapeutic strategy for potential clinical treatment of CLL.
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27
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Trimarco V, Ave E, Facco M, Chiodin G, Frezzato F, Martini V, Gattazzo C, Lessi F, Giorgi CA, Visentin A, Castelli M, Severin F, Zambello R, Piazza F, Semenzato G, Trentin L. Cross-talk between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) tumor B cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): implications for neoplastic cell survival. Oncotarget 2015; 6:42130-49. [PMID: 26517523 PMCID: PMC4747215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemic cells from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients interact with stromal cells of the surrounding microenvironment. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) represent the main population in CLL marrow stroma, which may play a key role for disease support and progression. In this study we evaluated whether MSCs influence in vitro CLL cell survival. MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of 46 CLL patients and were characterized by flow cytometry analysis. Following co-culture of MSCs and leukemic B cells, we demonstrated that MSCs were able to improve leukemic B cell viability, this latter being differently dependent from the signals coming from MSCs. In addition, we found that the co-culture of MSCs with leukemic B cells induced an increased production of IL-8, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL10 chemokines.As far as drug resistance is concerned, MSCs counteract the cytotoxic effect of Fludarabine/Cyclophosphamide administration in vivo, whereas they do not protect CLL cells from the apoptosis induced by the kinase inhibitors Bafetinib and Ibrutinib. The evidence that leukemic clones are conditioned by environmental stimuli suggest new putative targets for therapy in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Trimarco
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Ave
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chiodin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Gattazzo
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Lessi
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Giorgi
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Castelli
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
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28
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Zhang W, Pelicano H, Yin R, Zeng J, Wen T, Ding L, Huang R. Effective elimination of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in the stromal microenvironment by a novel drug combination strategy using redox-mediated mechanisms. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7374-88. [PMID: 26458979 PMCID: PMC4626185 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of adult leukemia, and is currently incurable due to drug resistance. A previous study indicated that the redox interaction between bone marrow stromal cells and leukemia cells profoundly affected CLL cell viability and drug response. The present study aimed to further investigate the effect of the redox interaction on drug resistance of CLL cells in the bone marrow microenvironment, and to assess a novel redox-mediated strategy to eliminate stromal-protected CLL cells, and thus to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy of antileukemic drugs. Histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a potent novel anticancer agent, however, it exerts limited activity in patients with CLL. The results of the present study demonstrated that SAHA facilitated stromal‑mediated glutathione upregulation in the CLL cells, contributing to drug resistance. The addition of β‑phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) induced severe depletion of stromal and SAHA‑upregulated glutathione, enhanced SAHA‑mediated reactive oxygen species accumulation in the CLL cells and caused oxidation of mitochondrial cardilopin, leading to substantial cell death. The results further demonstrated that stromal cells and SAHA markedly upregulated antiapoptotic protein expression levels of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl1) in CLL the cells. By inducing protein deglutathionylation and degradation, PEITC suppressed the expression of Mcl1 in co‑cultured CLL cells, and increased SAHA sensitivity. The combination of SAHA and PEITC enabled the induction of marked apoptosis of CLL cells co‑cultured with bone marrow stromal cells. The present study provided a preclinical rationale, which warrants further clinical investigation for the potential use of SAHA/PEITC as a novel combination treatment strategy for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Helene Pelicano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wen
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ruibin Huang
- Department of Leukemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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29
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Bresin A, Callegari E, D'Abundo L, Cattani C, Bassi C, Zagatti B, Narducci MG, Caprini E, Pekarsky Y, Croce CM, Sabbioni S, Russo G, Negrini M. miR-181b as a therapeutic agent for chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19807-18. [PMID: 26090867 PMCID: PMC4637322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis suggests the possibility of anti-CLL therapeutic approaches based on miRNAs. Here, we used the Eµ-TCL1 transgenic mouse model, which reproduces leukemia with a similar course and distinct immunophenotype as human B-CLL, to test miR-181b as a therapeutic agent.In vitro enforced expression of miR-181b mimics induced significant apoptotic effects in human B-cell lines (RAJI, EHEB), as well as in mouse Eµ-TCL1 leukemic splenocytes. Molecular analyses revealed that miR-181b not only affected the expression of TCL1, Bcl2 and Mcl1 anti-apoptotic proteins, but also reduced the levels of Akt and phospho-Erk1/2. Notably, a siRNA anti-TCL1 could similarly down-modulate TCL1, but exhibited a reduced or absent activity in other relevant proteins, as well as a reduced effect on cell apoptosis and viability. In vivo studies demonstrated the capability of miR-181b to reduce leukemic cell expansion and to increase survival of treated mice.These data indicate that miR-181b exerts a broad range of actions, affecting proliferative, survival and apoptotic pathways, both in mice and human cells, and can potentially be used to reduce expansion of B-CLL leukemic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice, Transgenic
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bresin
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Callegari
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucilla D'Abundo
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Cattani
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Bassi
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Zagatti
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M. Grazia Narducci
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caprini
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuri Pekarsky
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, OSU School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, OSU School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Russo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Opel D, Schnaiter A, Dodier D, Jovanovic M, Gerhardinger A, Idler I, Mertens D, Bullinger L, Stilgenbauer S, Fulda S. Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins by Smac mimetic elicits cell death in poor prognostic subgroups of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2959-70. [PMID: 26096065 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are highly expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and contribute to evasion of cell death and poor therapeutic response. Here, we report that Smac mimetic BV6 dose-dependently induces cell death in 28 of 51 (54%) investigated CLL samples, while B-cells from healthy donors are largely unaffected. Importantly, BV6 is significantly more effective in prognostic unfavorable cases with, e.g., non-mutated VH status and TP53 mutation than samples with unknown or favorable prognosis. The majority of cases with 17p deletion (10/12) and Fludarabine refractory cases respond to BV6, indicating that BV6 acts independently of p53. BV6 also triggers cell death under survival conditions mimicking the microenvironment, e.g., by adding CD40 ligand or conditioned medium. Gene expression profiling identifies cell death, NF-κB and redox signaling among the top pathways regulated by BV6 not only in CLL but also in core-binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Consistently, BV6 stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are contributing to BV6-induced cell death, since antioxidants reduce cell death. While BV6 causes degradation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)1 and cIAP2 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway activation in primary CLL samples, BV6 induces cell death independently of caspase activity, receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 activity or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, as zVAD.fmk, necrostatin-1 or TNFα-blocking antibody Enbrel fail to inhibit cell death. Together, these novel insights into BV6-regulated cell death in CLL have important implications for developing new therapeutic strategies to overcome cell death resistance especially in poor prognostic CLL subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Opel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Schnaiter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dagmar Dodier
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marjana Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Irina Idler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, , Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, with downstream targets including Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin, has been implicated in numerous human cancers, including hematologic malignancies and lymphomas. The development and refinement of PI3K inhibitors directed toward this pathway show promising clinical efficacy. This review will discuss the emerging body of clinical data in lymphoid malignancies and present future directions for research utilizing these inhibitors. RECENT FINDINGS The PI3Kδ inhibitor, idelalisib, has been most widely studied in lymphoma, and has shown promising results both as a single agent and in combination with other therapies. IPI-145, a dual inhibitor of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, has also shown efficacy and several clinical trials are underway. Other PI3K inhibitors are in active development, with several entering early phase clinical trials. SUMMARY The PI3K pathway appears to be important in lymphoma and targeting this pathway shows promising clinical efficacy.
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Gloghini A, Bongarzone I. Cell-secreted signals shape lymphoma identity. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:81-91. [PMID: 25837156 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing data show that both specific genes and a number of signaling pathways are recurrently mutated in various types of lymphoma. DNA sequencing analyses of lymphoma have identified several aberrations that might affect the interaction between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment. Microenvironmental functions are essential to lymphoma; they provide survival and proliferation signals and license immune evasion. It is plausible that interventions that aim to destroy tumor-microenvironment interactions may improve responses to therapeutics. Accordingly, the identification of extrinsic factors and their downstream intracellular signaling targets has led to much progress in understanding tumor-microenvironment interactions. Lymphoma cells are differently influenced by cells' interactions with components of their microenvironment; these cell extrinsic factors include soluble and immobilized factors, the extracellular matrix, and signals presented by neighboring cells. Soluble factors, which are often cell-secreted autocrine and paracrine factors, comprise a significant fraction of targetable molecules. To begin to understand how intercellular communication is conducted in lymphoma, a first order of study is deciphering the soluble factors secreted by malignant cells and microenvironmental cells. These soluble factors are shed into the interstitial fluid in lymphoma and can be conveniently explored using mass spectrometry. Protein components can be detected and quantified, thus enabling the routine navigation of the soluble part of the microenvironment. Elucidating functional and signaling states affords a new paradigm for understanding cancer biology and devising new therapies. This review summarizes knowledge in this field and discusses the utility of studying tumor-secreted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.
| | - Italia Bongarzone
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.
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Wang LQ, Chim CS. DNA methylation of tumor-suppressor miRNA genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenomics 2015; 7:461-73. [PMID: 25650645 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic modifications of the genome involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes through gene silencing without altering DNA sequences. miRNAs, a class of single-stranded noncoding RNAs of 19-25 nucleotides in length, function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression leading to mRNA cleavage or translational repression of their corresponding target protein-coding genes. Recently, dysregulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs mediated by promoter DNA hypermethylation is implicated in human cancers, including B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Moreover, it appears that methylated miRNA genes could be potential biomarkers for CLL diagnosis or therapy. This review will highlight the role of aberrant methylation of miRNA genes in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chor Sang Chim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Tonino SH, Mulkens CE, van Laar J, Derks IAM, Suo G, Croon-de Boer F, van Oers MHJ, Eldering E, Wang JY, Kater AP. Induction of TAp73 by platinum-based compounds to overcome drug resistance in p53 dysfunctional chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:2439-47. [PMID: 25511680 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.996751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), strategies to overcome drug resistance due to p53 dysfunction are highly needed. Platinum-based compounds such as cisplatinum (CDDP) are active in fludarabine-refractory CLL through a largely unknown mechanism. We analyzed the mechanism of action of CDDP in the context of p53 dysfunctionality. In vitro treatment with CDDP did not induce death in quiescent CLL cells, but did induce apoptosis in CD40-ligand (and CpG) stimulated and proliferating cells, irrespective of p53 function. In the p53 dysfunctional prolymphocytic cell-line MEC1, CDDP treatment resulted in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and ABL1-dependent expression of TAp73, CDKN1A, PUMA and BID. TAp73 RNA-interference decreased sensitivity to CDDP. Finally, both in vitro stimulated CLL cells and lymph node (LN) derived CLL cells showed increased TAp73 expression in comparison with quiescent peripheral blood derived cells. Activity of CDDP may therefore be mediated by TAp73, especially in the context of activation such as occurs in the LN microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne H Tonino
- a Department of Hematology , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Chantal E Mulkens
- c Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline van Laar
- c Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A M Derks
- c Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Guangli Suo
- d Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Marinus H J van Oers
- a Department of Hematology , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- b Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jean Y Wang
- d Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Arnon P Kater
- a Department of Hematology , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Huelsemann MF, Patz M, Beckmann L, Brinkmann K, Otto T, Fandrey J, Becker HJ, Theurich S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Pallasch CP, Zahedi RP, Kashkar H, Reinhardt HC, Hallek M, Wendtner CM, Frenzel LP. Hypoxia-induced p38 MAPK activation reduces Mcl-1 expression and facilitates sensitivity towards BH3 mimetics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 29:981-4. [PMID: 25376373 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Huelsemann
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Patz
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Beckmann
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Brinkmann
- 1] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Otto
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H J Becker
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Theurich
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M von Bergwelt-Baildon
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C P Pallasch
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - H Kashkar
- 1] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H C Reinhardt
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Hallek
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C M Wendtner
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [4] Department I of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Schwabing, Munich, Germany
| | - L P Frenzel
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Heinig K, Gätjen M, Grau M, Stache V, Anagnostopoulos I, Gerlach K, Niesner RA, Cseresnyes Z, Hauser AE, Lenz P, Hehlgans T, Brink R, Westermann J, Dörken B, Lipp M, Lenz G, Rehm A, Höpken UE. Access to follicular dendritic cells is a pivotal step in murine chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell activation and proliferation. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1448-65. [PMID: 25252690 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, B-cell antigen receptor signaling seems important for leukemia B-cell ontogeny, whereas the microenvironment influences B-cell activation, tumor cell lodging, and provision of antigenic stimuli. Using the murine Eμ-Tcl1 CLL model, we demonstrate that CXCR5-controlled access to follicular dendritic cells confers proliferative stimuli to leukemia B cells. Intravital imaging revealed a marginal zone B cell-like leukemia cell trafficking route. Murine and human CLL cells reciprocally stimulated resident mesenchymal stromal cells through lymphotoxin-β-receptor activation, resulting in CXCL13 secretion and stromal compartment remodeling. Inhibition of lymphotoxin/lymphotoxin-β-receptor signaling or of CXCR5 signaling retards leukemia progression. Thus, CXCR5 activity links tumor cell homing, shaping a survival niche, and access to localized proliferation stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE CLL and other indolent lymphoma are not curable and usually relapse after treatment, a process in which the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role. We dissect the consecutive steps of CXCR5-dependent tumor cell lodging and LTβR-dependent stroma-leukemia cell interaction; moreover, we provide therapeutic solutions to interfere with this reciprocal tumor-stroma cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Heinig
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Gätjen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Grau
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Stache
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, DRFZ, Berlin, Germany. Confocal and 2-Photon Microscopy Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, DRFZ, Berlin, Germany. Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lenz
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jörg Westermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lipp
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany.
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Guriec N, Le Jossic-Corcos C, Simon B, Ianotto JC, Tempescul A, Dréano Y, Salaün JP, Berthou C, Corcos L. The arachidonic acid-LTB4-BLT2 pathway enhances human B-CLL aggressiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2096-105. [PMID: 25072959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of the oxidative cascade of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with several cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA), is produced by B-CLL and contributes to their survival. The aim of the present study was to analyze the activity of the oxidative cascade of PUFAs in B-CLL. Purified B cells from patients and normal B CD5 positive cells were subjected to flow cytometry, Western-blot and RT-qPCR analyses. LTB4 plasma and intracellular concentrations were determined by ELISA. Our results showed that aggressive B-CLL tumor cells, i.e. cells with an annual proliferation index above 2, over-expressed calcium-dependent and calcium-independent phospholipases A2 (cPLA2-alpha and iPLA2-beta, respectively), 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) and leukotriene A4 hydroxylase (LTA4H). Intracellular LTB4 levels were lower in the most aggressive cells than in cells with a smaller proliferation index, despite equivalent plasma levels, and lower expression of cytochrome P450 4F3A (CYP4F3A), one major enzyme involved in LTB4 inactivation. Since BLT2, a LTB4 membrane receptor was also more often expressed on aggressive tumor cells, and since a BLT2 inhibitor significantly impaired B-CLL viability in vitro, we propose that LTB4 was efficiently trapped onto BLT2 present on aggressive tumors, thereby eliciting an autocrine response. Taken together our results demonstrate a major deregulation of the pathway leading to LTB4 synthesis and degradation in B-CLL cells, and provide a framework for understanding how these modifications promote cell survival and proliferation, especially in the most aggressive BCLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guriec
- Laboratoire de thérapie cellulaire et d'immunobiologie des cancers, CHU, Hôpital Morvan, 5, avenue Foch, 29200 Brest, France.
| | | | - Brigitte Simon
- UMR INSERM 1078, SFR ScInBioS, CHU, Faculté de médecine, 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
| | | | - Adrian Tempescul
- Service d'hématologie clinique, CHU, Hôpital Morvan, 5, avenue Foch, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Yvonne Dréano
- UMR INSERM 1078, SFR ScInBioS, CHU, Faculté de médecine, 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salaün
- UMR INSERM 1078, SFR ScInBioS, CHU, Faculté de médecine, 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- Laboratoire de thérapie cellulaire et d'immunobiologie des cancers, CHU, Hôpital Morvan, 5, avenue Foch, 29200 Brest, France; Service d'hématologie clinique, CHU, Hôpital Morvan, 5, avenue Foch, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Laurent Corcos
- UMR INSERM 1078, SFR ScInBioS, CHU, Faculté de médecine, 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
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Bhattacharya N, Reichenzeller M, Caudron-Herger M, Haebe S, Brady N, Diener S, Nothing M, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Rippe K, Mertens D. Loss of cooperativity of secreted CD40L and increased dose-response to IL4 on CLL cell viability correlates with enhanced activation of NF-kB and STAT6. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:65-73. [PMID: 24828787 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells fail to enter apoptosis in vivo as opposed to their non-malignant B-lymphocyte counterparts. The ability of CLL cells to escape apoptosis is highly dependent on their microenvironment. Compared to non-malignant B cells, CLL cells are more responsive to complex stimuli that can be reproduced in vitro by the addition of cytokines. To understand the molecular mechanism of the environment-dependent anti-apoptotic signaling circuitry of CLL cells, we quantified the effect of the SDF-1, BAFF, APRIL, anti-IgM, interleukin-4 (IL4) and secreted CD40L (sCD40L) on the survival of in vitro cultured CLL cells and found IL4 and sCD40L to be most efficient in rescuing CLL cells from apoptosis. In quantitative dose-response experiments using cell survival as readout, the binding affinity of IL4 to its receptor was similar between malignant and non-malignant cells. However, the downstream signaling in terms of the amount of STAT6 and its degree of phosphorylation was highly stimulated in CLL cells. In contrast, the response to sCD40L showed a loss of cooperative binding in CLL cells but displayed a largely increased ligand binding affinity. Although a high-throughput microscopy analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the spatial CD40 receptor organization, the downstream signaling showed an enhanced activation of the NF-kB pathway in the malignant cells. Thus, we propose that the anti-apoptotic phenotype of CLL involves a sensitized response for IL4 dependent STAT6 phosphorylation, and an activation of NF-kB signaling due to an increased affinity of sCD40L to its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhattacharya
- Cooperation Unit, "Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis", University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Idelalisib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2014; 2014:931858. [PMID: 25093123 PMCID: PMC4003830 DOI: 10.1155/2014/931858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in the United States. It is a slowly progressive disease, with an 82% five-year survival rate. The treatment strategies are highly individualized with patients in the early and stable stages typically not requiring treatment. However, those with progressive or clinically advanced disease will require treatment. Cytotoxic drugs, such as the alkylating agents, purine nucleoside antagonists, and immunotherapeutic agents, have been the mainstay of chemotherapeutic treatment in CLL. However, given the lack of therapeutic specificity, these medications (especially older ones) have limited tolerability due to side effects. In this paper, we will discuss the data on the use of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor Idelalisib in the management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The preclinical and clinical data thus far demonstrate that Idelalisib produces a dramatic and durable response in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and without causing significant toxicity. Moving forward, the ongoing clinical trials will help address the various questions currently being raised regarding the long-term application and safety of Idelalisib. With greater clinical experience following more widespread use of Idelalisib, we will be able to determine the optimal combination therapies in treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory patients, resulting in more individualized therapeutic strategies for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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40
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Decker S, Finter J, Forde AJ, Kissel S, Schwaller J, Mack TS, Kuhn A, Gray N, Follo M, Jumaa H, Burger M, Zirlik K, Pfeifer D, Miduturu CV, Eibel H, Veelken H, Dierks C. PIM kinases are essential for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival (PIM2/3) and CXCR4-mediated microenvironmental interactions (PIM1). Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1231-45. [PMID: 24659821 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0575-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the CXCR4 receptor is a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and is important for CLL cell survival, migration, and interaction with their protective microenvironment. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), PIM1 was shown to regulate the surface expression of the CXCR4 receptor. Here, we show that PIM (proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus) kinases 1-3 are overexpressed and that the CXCR4 receptor is hyperphosphorylated on Ser339 in CLL compared with normal lymphocytes. Furthermore, CXCR4 phosphorylation correlates with PIM1 protein expression and PIM1 transcript levels in CLL. PIM kinase inhibition with three different PIM kinase inhibitors induced apoptosis in CLL cells independent of the presence of protective stromal cells. In addition, PIM inhibition caused dephosphorylation of the CXCR4 receptor on Ser339, resulting in enhanced ligand-dependent CXCR4 internalization and reduced re-externalization after withdrawal of CXCL12. Furthermore, PIM inhibition in CLL cells blocked CXCR4 functions, such as migration toward CXCL12- or CXCL12-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. In concordance, pretreatment of CLL cells with PIM kinase inhibitors strongly reduced homing of CLL cells toward the bone marrow and the spleen of Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) mice in vivo. Interestingly, the knockdown of PIM kinases in CLL cells demonstrated diverging functions, with PIM1 regulating CXCR4 surface expression and PIM2 and PIM3 as important for the survival of CLL cells. Our results show that PIM kinase inhibitors are an effective therapeutic option for CLL, not only by impairing PIM2/3-mediated CLL cell survival, but also by blocking the PIM1/CXCR4-mediated interaction of CLL cells with their protective microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Decker
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Hematology/Oncology; Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg; Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Development and characterization of a physiologically relevant model of lymphocyte migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:3607-17. [PMID: 24637360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-544569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lymphocyte trafficking contributes to the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but to date, only static in vitro cultures have been used to study these phenomena. To address this lack of data, we have developed a dynamic in vitro model in which CLL cells experience shear forces equivalent to those in capillary beds and are made to flow through capillary-like hollow fibers lined with endothelial cells. CLL cells treated in this way increased their expression of CD62L and CXCR4 (both P < .0001) and of CD49d and CD5 (both P = .003) directly as a result of the shear force. Furthermore, CLL cells migrated through the endothelium into the "extravascular" space (mean migration, 1.37% ± 2.14%; n = 21). Migrated CLL cells had significantly higher expression of CD49d (P = .02), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (P = .004), CD38 (P = .009), CD80 (P = .04), and CD69 (P = .04) compared with CLL cells that remained in the circulation. The degree of migration observed strongly correlated with CD49d expression (r(2), 0.47; P = .01), and treatment with the CD49d-blocking antibody natalizumab resulted in significantly decreased migration (P = .01). Taken together, our data provide evidence for a novel, dynamic, and tractable in vitro model of lymphocyte migration and confirm that CD49d is a critical regulator of this process in CLL.
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42
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Hill RJ, Lou Y, Tan SL. B-cell antigen receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: therapeutic targets and translational opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 32:377-96. [PMID: 23886341 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.818141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by clonally expanded and molecularly heterogeneous populations of B lymphocytes with impaired apoptotic mechanisms. This occurs as a result of multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, including chromosomal aberrations and enhancer region hypomethylation, often impinging on intracellular signaling pathways that are essential to normal B-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is one such pathway usurped by malignant B cells, as exemplified by the early phase clinical success achieved by small-molecule agents targeting key players involved in the pathway. Such new targeted agents, including those that inhibit the function of Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), along with the current standard therapy comprising chemo-immunotherapies with or without B-cell depleting biologic agent rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), should expand the armamentarium for CLL therapy. We review the therapeutic agents currently in clinical development which target different effectors of the malignant BCR signaling, and discuss their overlapping and discriminating translational opportunities in the context of CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) function is important to the development and expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood 2013; 123:1207-13. [PMID: 24311722 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by constitutive activation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, but variable responsiveness of the BCR to antigen ligation. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) shows constitutive activity in CLL and is the target of irreversible inhibition by ibrutinib, an orally bioavailable kinase inhibitor that has shown outstanding activity in CLL. Early clinical results in CLL with other reversible and irreversible BTK inhibitors have been less promising, however, raising the question of whether BTK kinase activity is an important target of ibrutinib and also in CLL. To determine the role of BTK in CLL, we used patient samples and the Eμ-TCL1 (TCL1) transgenic mouse model of CLL, which results in spontaneous leukemia development. Inhibition of BTK in primary human CLL cells by small interfering RNA promotes apoptosis. Inhibition of BTK kinase activity through either targeted genetic inactivation or ibrutinib in the TCL1 mouse significantly delays the development of CLL, demonstrating that BTK is a critical kinase for CLL development and expansion and thus an important target of ibrutinib. Collectively, our data confirm the importance of kinase-functional BTK in CLL.
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Bladt TT, Dürr C, Knudsen PB, Kildgaard S, Frisvad JC, Gotfredsen CH, Seiffert M, Larsen TO. Bio-activity and dereplication-based discovery of ophiobolins and other fungal secondary metabolites targeting leukemia cells. Molecules 2013; 18:14629-50. [PMID: 24287995 PMCID: PMC6290568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize fungal natural products (NPs) with in vitro bioactivity towards leukemia cells. We based our screening on a combined analytical and bio-guided approach of LC-DAD-HRMS dereplication, explorative solid-phase extraction (E-SPE), and a co-culture platform of CLL and stromal cells. A total of 289 fungal extracts were screened and we tracked the activity to single compounds in seven of the most active extracts. The novel ophiobolin U was isolated together with the known ophiobolins C, H, K as well as 6-epiophiobolins G, K and N from three fungal strains in the Aspergillus section Usti. Ophiobolins A, B, C and K displayed bioactivity towards leukemia cells with induction of apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations. The remaining ophiobolins were mainly inactive or only slightly active at micromolar concentrations. Dereplication of those ophiobolin derivatives possessing different activity in combination with structural analysis allowed a correlation of the chemical structure and conformation with the extent of bioactivity, identifying the hydroxy group at C3 and an aldehyde at C21, as well as the A/B-cis ring structure, as indispensible for the strong activity of the ophiobolins. The known compounds penicillic acid, viridicatumtoxin, calbistrin A, brefeldin A, emestrin A, and neosolaniol monoacetate were identified from the extracts and also found generally cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Thorskov Bladt
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mails: (T.T.B.); (P.B.K.); (S.K.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Claudia Dürr
- German Cancer Research Center, Molecular Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Peter Boldsen Knudsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mails: (T.T.B.); (P.B.K.); (S.K.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Sara Kildgaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mails: (T.T.B.); (P.B.K.); (S.K.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Jens Christian Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mails: (T.T.B.); (P.B.K.); (S.K.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Charlotte Held Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mail:
| | - Martina Seiffert
- German Cancer Research Center, Molecular Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.); (T.O.L.); Tel.: +49-6221-42-4586 (M.S.); Fax: +49-6221-42-2995 (M.S.); Tel.: +45-4525-2632 (T.O.L.); Fax: +45-4588-4148 (T.O.L.)
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; E-Mails: (T.T.B.); (P.B.K.); (S.K.); (J.C.F.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.); (T.O.L.); Tel.: +49-6221-42-4586 (M.S.); Fax: +49-6221-42-2995 (M.S.); Tel.: +45-4525-2632 (T.O.L.); Fax: +45-4588-4148 (T.O.L.)
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Kater AP, Spiering M, Liu RD, Doreen Te Raa G, Slinger E, Tonino SH, Beckers MM, Daenen S, Doorduijn JK, Lankheet NAG, Luijks DM, Eldering E, van Oers MHJ. Dasatinib in combination with fludarabine in patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase 2 study. Leuk Res 2013; 38:34-41. [PMID: 24238639 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in CLL is associated with overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins induced by signals from the microenvironment. In vitro, dasatinib effectively inhibits expression of anti-apoptotic regulators and restores fludarabine sensitivity in activated CLL. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of one cycle of dasatinib monotherapy (100mg/day, days 1-28) followed by combination of dasatinib with fludarabine (40mg/m²/day, days 1-3 every 28 day) for a total of 6 cycles in fludarabine-refractory CLL. The primary endpoint was overall response rate according to the IWCLL'08 criteria. 20 patients were enrolled: 18 completed at least one cycle of treatment of which 67% finished at least 2 cycles of combination treatment. 3 of these 18 patients reached a formal PR (16.7%). Majority of patients obtained some reduction in lymph node (LN) size. Most frequent toxicity was related to myelosuppression. NF-κB RNA expression levels of circulating CLL cells decreased whereas the levels of pro-apoptotic NOXA increased during treatment. In conclusion, dasatinib/fludarabine combination has modest clinical efficacy in fludarabine-refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Spiering
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto D Liu
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Doreen Te Raa
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Slinger
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon Daenen
- University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke A G Lankheet
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje M Luijks
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H J van Oers
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
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Wong R, Pepper C, Brennan P, Nagorsen D, Man S, Fegan C. Blinatumomab induces autologous T-cell killing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2013; 98:1930-8. [PMID: 23812940 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an incurable B-cell malignancy that is associated with tumor cell-mediated T-cell dysfunction. It therefore represents a challenging disease for T-cell immunotherapeutics. The CD19/CD3 bi-specific antibody construct blinatumomab (AMG103 or MT103) has been tested clinically in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia but has not been assessed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We investigated whether blinatumomab could overcome T-cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in vitro. Blinatumomab was tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 patients (treatment naïve and previously treated). T-cell activation and function, as well as cytotoxicity against leukemic tumor cells were measured. Blinatumomab induced T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion and granzyme B release in a manner similar to that occurring with stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads. However, only blinatumomab was able to induce tumor cell death and this was found to require blinatumomab-mediated conjugate formation between T cells and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity of tumor cells was observed at very low T-cell:tumor cell ratios. A three-dimensional model based on confocal microscopy suggested that up to 11 tumor cells could cluster round each T cell. Importantly, blinatumomab induced cytotoxicity against tumor cells in samples from both treatment-naïve and treated patients, and in the presence of co-culture pro-survival signals. The potent cytotoxic action of blinatumomab on tumor cells appears to involve conjugation of T cells with tumor cells at both the activation and effector stages. The efficacy of blinatumomab in vitro suggests that the bi-specific antibody approach may be a powerful immunotherapeutic strategy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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A combination of cytokines rescues highly purified leukemic CLL B-cells from spontaneous apoptosis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60370. [PMID: 23555960 PMCID: PMC3608602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the most common human leukemia, is characterized by predominantly non-dividing malignant mature CD5+ B lymphocytes with an apoptosis defect. Various microenvironmental stimuli confer a growth advantage on these leukemic cells and extend their survival in vivo. Nevertheless, when cultured in vitro, CLL B-cells rapidly die from apoptosis. Certain cytokines may extend the survival capacity of CLL B-cells in vitro and individual anti-apoptotic effects of several cytokines have been reported. The potential cumulative effect of such cytokines has not been studied. We therefore investigated the effects on CLL B-cells survival in vitro of humoral factors, polyclonal lymphocyte activators and a combination of cytokines known for their anti-apoptotic effects. Purified CLL B-cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various soluble molecules and the leukemic cell response was assessed in terms of viability. Apoptotic cell death was detected by flow cytometry using annexinV and 7-amino-actinomycin. The survival of CLL B-cells in vitro was highly variable. When tested separately, cytokines (IL-2, -6, -10, -12, -15, -21, BAFF and APRIL) improved CLL B cell survival moderately; in combination, they significantly enhanced survival of these cells, even up to 7 days of culture. We also report that humoral factors from autologous serum are important for survival of these malignant cells. Our findings support the concept that the CLL microenvironment is critical and suggest that soluble factors may contribute directly to the prolonged survival of CLL B-cells. Therefore, the combination of cytokines we describe as providing strong resistance to apoptosis in vitro might be used to improve the treatment of CLL.
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Mazumdar R, Evans P, Culpin R, Bailey J, Allsup D. The automated monocyte count is independently predictive of overall survival from diagnosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and of survival following first-line chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2013; 37:614-8. [PMID: 23522450 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an analysis of the effect of monocytosis at diagnosis of CLL on subsequent overall (OS) and treatment-free survival (TFS). Monocyte counts were performed using the Sysmex XE2100 analyser. A monocyte count >0.9 × 10(9)L(-1) at the time of diagnosis was associated with a shortened OS and TFS. Monocytosis at diagnosis was associated with lymphocyte count, deletions of chromosomes 17p and 11q, the extent of IgVH somatic hypermutation and Binet stage. A multivariate analysis model which excluded somatic hypermutation found only monocyte count and age to be independently predictive of OS. The automated monocyte count is predictive of OS and TFS in newly diagnosed CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Mazumdar
- Department of Haematology, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, East Yorkshire HU16 5JQ, UK
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Lad DP, Malhotra P, Varma S. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: inception to cure: are we there? Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2013; 29:1-10. [PMID: 24426325 PMCID: PMC3572254 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-012-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the biology and therapeutics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. B cell receptor signaling and micro-environment in CLL biology have been the most modern areas of research. In CLL therapeutics, we have come a long way from alkylating agents to chemo-immunotherapy. Despite this there remain significant lacunae in the disease biology that has hindered our quest to achieve the ultimate in CLL: Cure. This review aims to summarize the past, present and future in the biology and treatment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh P. Lad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subhash Varma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
The description of apoptosis and the identification of the genes that regulate it have proved pivotal to our understanding of how cancer cells accumulate and ultimately cause morbidity and mortality. It has become increasingly clear that in CLL the balance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family of apoptotic regulatory proteins is critical in the development and clinical progression of CLL. Furthermore, the apoptotic potential of the CLL cell determines chemotherapy sensitivity and ultimately progression-free and overall survival. The unravelling of the BCL2 story in CLL has led to the development of a whole new class of therapeutic agents-the BH3 mimetics-which are significantly more targeted than conventional chemo-immunotherapy and therefore promise potent clinical activity coupled with reduced toxicity.
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