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Musaya J, Matovu E, Senga E, Nyirenda M, Chisi J. AcSDKP is down-regulated in anaemia induced by Trypanosoma brucei infection in mice. Malawi Med J 2018; 29:259-264. [PMID: 29872517 PMCID: PMC5811999 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v29i3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaemia commonly results from destruction of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and failure of the bone marrow haematopoietic cells to replenish the erythrocytes. The mechanisms involved in trypanosoma-induced anaemia, including the role of the bone marrow haematopoietic cells are incompletely understood. We studied the responses of a tetrapeptide, AcSDKP, and IL-10, and their association with bone marrow nucleated cells in a Trypanosoma brucei brucei GVR35 experimental infection model. Methods Mouse infection was done intraperitoneally with 1 × 103 trypanosomes/mL. Mice were either infected or left uninfected (N = 100). At days 0, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, and 44 post-infection, mice were euthanised and blood was collected by cardiac puncture to examine for parasitaemia and packed cell volume (PCV) and then centrifuged for plasma, which was used for cytokine ELISA. The mice's femurs were also dissected and bone marrow was collected for femur cellularity. Results PCV dropped from 39.6% to 27% in infected animals by day 9 and remained low (relative to uninfected mice) for the duration of the experiment. AcSDKP levels decreased from day 0 (11.5 × 104 pg/mL) to day 16 (10 × 104), and increased by day 30 (12.6 × 104). There was a significant difference at day 16 (P = 0.023) between the infected and uninfected groups. By contrast, expression of IL-10 markedly increased between day 0 (18.6 pg/mL) and day 16 (145 pg/mL) and decreased by day 30 (42.8 pg/mL). There was also a significant difference in IL-10 expression between infected and uninfected mice at day 16 (P < 0.001). Bone marrow nucleated cells were significantly reduced during periods of low plasma AcSDKP and high plasma IL-10 concentrations (5.4 × 106 infected vs 6.2 × 106 on day 0 and 4.9 × 106 infected vs 10 × 106 uninfected on day 16). Conclusions These data unravel a possible negative feedback interaction between AcSDKP and IL-10 in trypanosome infection. More importantly, this study implicates an IL-10/AcSDKP cytokine network in the regulation of bone marrow nucleated cells and provides a new potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of trypanosoma-induced anaemia. Further mechanistic blocking experiments on AcSDKP and IL-10 are recommended to further clarify understanding of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelisa Musaya
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward Senga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (MEIRU), Lilongwe, Malawi.,London School of Hygeine and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Chisi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
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Conte E, Fagone E, Gili E, Fruciano M, Iemmolo M, Pistorio MP, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S, Vancheri C. Preventive and therapeutic effects of thymosin β4 N-terminal fragment Ac-SDKP in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33841-54. [PMID: 27029074 PMCID: PMC5085123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis was utilized to investigate putative anti-fibrotic activity of Ac-SDKP in vivo. Male CD-1 mice received intra-tracheal bleomycin (BLEO, 1 mg/kg) instillation in the absence or presence of Ac-SDKP (a dose of 0.6 mg/kg delivered intra-peritoneally on the day of BLEO treatment, d0, followed by bi-weekly additional doses). To evaluate therapeutic effects in a subset of mice, Ac-SDKP was administered one week after BLEO instillation (d7). Animals were sacrificed at one, two, or three weeks later. Measurement of fluid and collagen content in the lung, Broncho Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) analysis, lung histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular analysis were performed. Compared to BLEO-treated mice, animals that received also Ac-SDKP (at both d0 and d7) had significantly decreased mortality, weight loss, inflammation (edema, and leukocyte lung infiltration), lung damage (histological evidence of lung injury), and fibrosis (collagen histological staining and soluble collagen content in the lung) at up to 21 days. Moreover, IHC and quantitative RT-PCR results demonstrated a significant decrease in BLEO-induced IL-17 and TGF-β expression in lung tissue. Importantly, α-SMA expression, the hallmark of myofibroblast differentiation, was also decreased. This is the first report showing not only a preventive protective role of Ac-SDKP but also its significant therapeutic effects in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, thus supporting further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Conte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelina Fagone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Mary Fruciano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Iemmolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Kanasaki K, Nagai T, Nitta K, Kitada M, Koya D. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline: a valuable endogenous anti-fibrotic peptide for combating kidney fibrosis in diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:70. [PMID: 24782774 PMCID: PMC3995071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are responsible for 45% of deaths in the developed world. Curing organ fibrosis is essential for fibroproliferative diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is a common fibroproliferative disease of the kidney and is associated with multiorgan dysfunction. However, therapy to combat diabetic nephropathy has not yet been established. In this review, we discuss the novel therapeutic possibilities for kidney fibrosis in diabetes focusing on the endogenous anti-fibrotic peptide, N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), which is the substrate for angiotensin-converting enzyme and exhibits meaningful anti-fibrotic effects in various experimental models of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takako Nagai
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nitta
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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4
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Larrinaga G, Perez I, Blanco L, Sanz B, Errarte P, Beitia M, Etxezarraga MC, Loizate A, Gil J, Irazusta J, López JI. Prolyl endopeptidase activity is correlated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:199-208. [PMID: 24465166 PMCID: PMC3894405 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) (EC 3.4.21.26) is a serine peptidase involved in differentiation, development and proliferation processes of several tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated the increased expression and activity of this cytosolic enzyme in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are no available data about the impact of this peptidase in the biological aggressiveness of this tumor in patient survival. METHODS The activity of PEP in tissue (n=80) and plasma (n=40) of patients with CRC was prospectively analyzed by fluorimetric methods. Results were correlated with the most important classic pathological data related to aggressiveness, with 5-year survival rates and other clinical variables. RESULTS 1) PEP is more active in early phases of CRC; 2) Lower levels of the enzyme in tumors were located in the rectum and this decrease could be related with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy; 3) PEP activity in tissue was higher in patients with better overall and disease-free survival (log-rank p<0.01, Cox analysis p<0.01); 4) Plasmatic PEP activity was significantly higher in CRC patients than in healthy individuals and this was associated with distant metastases and with worse overall and disease-free survivals (log-rank p<0.05, Cox analysis p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PEP activity in tissue and plasma from CRC patients is an independent prognostic factor in survival. The determination of PEP activity in the plasma may be a safe, minimally invasive and inexpensive way to define the aggressiveness of CRC in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Itxaro Perez
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lorena Blanco
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María C Etxezarraga
- 3. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alberto Loizate
- 4. Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José I López
- 5. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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Okwan-Duodu D, Landry J, Shen XZ, Diaz R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and the tumor microenvironment: mechanisms beyond angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R205-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00544.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a network of enzymes and peptides that coalesce primarily on the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) to induce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and blood pressure control. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the key peptidase of the RAS, is promiscuous in that it cleaves other substrates such as substance P and bradykinin. Accumulating evidence implicates ACE in the pathophysiology of carcinogenesis. While the role of ACE and its peptide network in modulating angiogenesis via the AT1R is well documented, its involvement in shaping other aspects of the tumor microenvironment remains largely unknown. Here, we review the role of ACE in modulating the immune compartment of the tumor microenvironment, which encompasses the immunosuppressive, cancer-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells, alternatively activated tumor-associated macrophages, and T regulatory cells. We also discuss the potential roles of peptides that accumulate in the setting of chronic ACE inhibitor use, such as bradykinin, substance P, and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), and how they may undercut the gains of anti-angiogenesis from ACE inhibition. These emerging mechanisms may harmonize the often-conflicting results on the role of ACE inhibitors and ACE polymorphisms in various cancers and call for further investigations into the potential benefit of ACE inhibitors in some neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jerome Landry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Xiao Z. Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roberto Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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Myöhänen TT, Tenorio-Laranga J, Jokinen B, Vázquez-Sánchez R, Moreno-Baylach MJ, García-Horsman JA, Männistö PT. Prolyl oligopeptidase induces angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo in a novel regulatory manner. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1666-78. [PMID: 21133893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A serine protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) has been reported to be involved in the release of the pro-angiogenic tetrapeptide acetyl-N-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP) from its precursor, 43-mer thymosin β4 (Tβ4). Recently, it was shown that both POP activity and the levels of Ac-SDKP are increased in malignant tumours. The aim of this study was to clarify the release of Ac-SDKP, and test if POP and a POP inhibitor, 4-phenyl-butanoyl-L-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047), can affect angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used HPLC for bioanalytical and an enzyme immunoassay for pharmacological analysis. Angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was assessed in vitro using a 'tube formation' assay and in vivo using a Matrigel plug assay (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) in adult male rats. Moreover, co-localization of POP and blood vessels was studied. KEY RESULTS We showed the sequential hydrolysis of Tβ4: the first-step hydrolysis by proteases to <30-mer peptides is followed by an action of POP. Unexpectedly, POP inhibited the first hydrolysis step, revealing a novel regulation system. POP with Tβ4 significantly induced, while KYP-2047 effectively prevented, angiogenesis in both models compared with Tβ4 addition itself. POP and endothelial cells were abundantly co-localized in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have now revealed that POP is a second-step enzyme in the release of Ac-SDKP from Tβ4, and it has novel autoregulatory effect in the first step. Our results also advocate a role for Ac-SDKP in angiogenesis, and suggest that POP has a pro-angiogenic role via the release of Ac-SDKP from its precursor Tβ4 and POP inhibitors can block this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Kanasaki M, Nagai T, Kitada M, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Elevation of the antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline: a blood pressure-independent beneficial effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:25. [PMID: 22126210 PMCID: PMC3253677 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as an essential therapy in hypertensive, heart, and kidney diseases. There are several classes of drugs that block the RAS; these drugs are known to exhibit antifibrotic action. An analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action for these drugs can reveal potential differences in their antifibrotic roles. In this review, we discuss the antifibrotic action of RAS blockade with an emphasis on the potential importance of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition associated with the antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Liu JM, Garcia-Alvarez MC, Bignon J, Kusinski M, Kuzdak K, Riches A, Wdzieczak-Bakala J. Overexpression of the natural tetrapeptide acetyl-N-ser-asp-lys-pro derived from thymosin beta4 in neoplastic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1194:53-9. [PMID: 20536450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The natural tetrapeptide acetyl-ser-asp-lys-pro (AcSDKP) is formed in vivo by enzymatic cleavage of the N terminus of thymosin beta4 by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Recently, AcSDKP was shown to promote angiogenesis. Because of the critical role of neovascularization in cancer development, the levels of AcSDKP and POP activity in a number of different malignant tissues were investigated. Our studies revealed that AcSDKP levels were markedly elevated in neoplastic diseases including hematologic malignancies and solid neoplasms. Consistent with this finding, the enhanced activity of POP was also detected in all analyzed specimens of cancer tissues. Both these novel findings are in concert with the previously reported overexpression of thymosin beta4 in a large variety of malignant tumors and with its potential role in cancerogenesis. The physiological relevance of these findings awaits further studies; however, our first results strongly suggest a key role for AcSDKP in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Miao Liu
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Increased prolyl endopeptidase activity in human neoplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:102-6. [PMID: 20362629 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) (PEP) is a serine peptidase that converts several biologically active peptides. This enzyme has been linked to several neurological, digestive, cardiovascular and infectous disorders. However, little is known about its involvement in neoplastic processes. This study analyzes fluorimetrically cytosolic and membrane-bound PEP activity in a large series (n=122) of normal and neoplastic tissues from the kidney, colon, oral cavity, larynx, thyroid gland and testis. Cytosolic PEP activity significantly increased in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Both cytosolic and membrane-bound PEP activity were also increased in colorectal adenomatous polyps. These data suggest the involvement of PEP in some mechanisms that underlie neoplastic processes.
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Liu JM, Gora-Tybor J, Grzybowska-Izydorczyk O, Bignon J, Robak T, Wdzieczak-Bakala J. Elevated plasma levels of the angiogenic tetrapeptide acetyl-ser-asp-lys-pro are found in some patients with hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:2096-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428190903331074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Miao Liu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Jerome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wdzieczak-Bakala
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Caers J, Vanderkerken K. Ac-SDKP: linking cardiac remodeling to hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:1732-3. [PMID: 17064980 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600727780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Caers
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
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