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Šimkovič M, Vodárek P, Motyčková M, Écsiová D, Rozsívalová P, Móciková H, Štěpánková P, Sýkorová A, Hrochová K, Vrbacký F, Belada D, Žák P, Smolej L. Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone (RCD) Chemoimmunotherapy for Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13421. [PMID: 33022756 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High doses of corticosteroids in combination with rituximab remain an alternative in the treatment in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in the current era of targeted therapies. This study retrospectively evaluates the efficacy of an RCD (rituximab, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) regimen in the treatment of 51 patients with relapsed CLL (median age, 72 years). Unfavourable prognostic features, such as Rai stage III/IV, unmutated IGHV, del11q, TP53 mutation/deletion, complex karyotype and bulky lymphadenopathy, were frequent. The overall response or complete remission was of 57% and 7%, respectively, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was of 12.3 months, median time to next treatment 23.1 months and median overall survival 39.2 months. Significant independent predictors of shorter PFS were TP53 deletion/mutation, advanced Rai stage and ≥2 previous lines of treatment. The incidence of neutropenia grade ≥ 3 was of 13%. Serious (CTCAE grade 3-5) infections were found in 20% of patients. Steroid-induced diabetes or diabetes decompensation occurred in 20% patients. Treatment-related adverse events resulted in RCD dose reduction in 35% of patients. In comparison with a historical R-Dex patient group, the treatment response and/or toxicity in our group was largely similar. However, the substantial differences in the baseline clinical characteristics of the groups may affect this comparison. In conclusion, the RCD regimen is an active, time-limited therapeutic strategy for elderly patients with relapsed CLL. Further, the results of our analysis indicate that the addition of cyclophosphamide to the R-Dex regimen maintains a similar efficacy, even after 50% reduction in the dexamethasone dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šimkovič
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodárek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Motyčková
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Écsiová
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rozsívalová
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Móciková
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Štěpánková
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Sýkorová
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hrochová
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Vrbacký
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Belada
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Žák
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Smolej
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Bauer K, Rancea M, Roloff V, Elter T, Hallek M, Engert A, Skoetz N. Rituximab, ofatumumab and other monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11:CD008079. [PMID: 23152253 PMCID: PMC6485963 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008079.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) accounts for 25% of all leukaemias and is the most common lymphoid malignancy in western countries. Standard treatments include mono- or polychemotherapies, usually combined with monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab or alemtuzumab. However, the impact of these agents remains unclear, as there are hints for increased risk of severe infections. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to provide an evidence-based answer regarding the clinical benefits and harms of monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies (such as rituximab, ofatumumab, GA101) compared to no further therapy or to other anti-leukaemic therapies in patients with CLL, irrespective of disease status. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 12, 2011), MEDLINE (from January 1990 to 4 January 2012), and EMBASE (from 1990 to 20 March 2009) as well as conference proceedings (American Society of Hematology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, European Hematology Association and European Society of Medical Oncology) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs examining monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies compared to no further therapy or to anti-leukaemic therapy such as chemotherapy or monoclonal antibodies in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed CLL. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used hazard ratios (HR) as effect measures for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and time to next treatment, and risk ratios (RR) for response rates, treatment-related mortality (TRM) and adverse events (AEs). Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed quality of trials. MAIN RESULTS We screened a total of 1150 records. Seven RCTs involving 1763 patients were identified, but only five could be included in the two separate meta-analyses we performed. We judged the overall the quality of these trials as moderate to high. All trials were randomised and open-label studies. However, two trials were published as abstracts only, therefore we were unable to assess the potential risk of bias for these trials in detail.Three RCTs (N = 1421) assessed the efficacy of monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies (i.e. rituximab) plus chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone. The meta-analyses showed a statistically significant OS (HR 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 0.98, P = 0.03, the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial effect (NNTB) was 12) and PFS (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.74, P < 0.00001) advantage for patients receiving rituximab. In the rituximab-arm occurred more AEs, World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 or 4 (3 trials, N = 1398, RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.23, P < 0.0001; the number needed to harm for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) was 9), but that did not lead to a statistically significant difference regarding TRM (3 trials, N = 1415, RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.01, P = 0.52).Two trials (N = 177) evaluated rituximab versus alemtuzumab. Neither study reported OS or PFS. There was no statistically significant difference between arms regarding complete response rate (CRR) (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.58, P = 0.14) or TRM (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.51, P = 0.15). However, the CLL2007FMP trial was stopped early owing to an increase in mortality in the alemtuzumab arm. More serious AEs occurred in this arm (43% with alemtuzumab versus 22% with rituximab; P = 0.006).Two trials assessed different dosages or time schedules of monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies. One trial (N = 104) evaluated two different rituximab schedules (concurrent arm: fludarabine plus rituximab (Flu-R) plus rituximab consolidation versus sequential arm: fludarabine alone plus rituximab consolidation). The comparison of the concurrent versus sequential regimen of rituximab showed a statistically significant difference of the CRR with 33% in the concurrent-arm and 15% in the sequential-arm (P = 0.04), that did not lead to statistically significant differences regarding OS (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.20 to 6.65, P = 0.30) or PFS (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.43 to 2.15, P = 0.11). Furthermore results showed no differences in occurring AEs, except for neutropenia, which was more often observed in patients of the concurrent arm. The other trial (N = 61) investigated two different dosages (500 mg and 1000 mg) of ofatumumab in addition to FluC. The arm investigating ofatumumab did not assess OS and a median PFS had not been reached owing to the short median follow-up of eight months. It showed no statistically significant differences between arms regarding CRR (32% in the FCO500 arm versus 50% in the FCO1000 arm; P = 0.10) or AEs (anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis showed that patients receiving chemotherapy plus rituximab benefit in terms of OS as well as PFS compared to those with chemotherapy alone. Therefore, it supports the recommendation of rituximab in combination with FluC as an option for the first-line treatment as well as for the people with relapsed or refractory CLL. The available evidence regarding the other assessed comparisons was not sufficient to deduct final conclusions.
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Key Words
- humans
- alemtuzumab
- antibodies, monoclonal
- antibodies, monoclonal/adverse effects
- antibodies, monoclonal/therapeutic use
- antibodies, monoclonal, humanized
- antibodies, monoclonal, humanized/adverse effects
- antibodies, monoclonal, humanized/therapeutic use
- antibodies, monoclonal, murine‐derived
- antibodies, monoclonal, murine‐derived/adverse effects
- antibodies, monoclonal, murine‐derived/therapeutic use
- antineoplastic agents
- antineoplastic agents/adverse effects
- antineoplastic agents/therapeutic use
- leukemia, lymphocytic, chronic, b‐cell
- leukemia, lymphocytic, chronic, b‐cell/drug therapy
- randomized controlled trials as topic
- rituximab
- vidarabine
- vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- vidarabine/therapeutic use
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MESH Headings
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Rituximab
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bauer
- Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne,Germany.
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Pettitt AR, Jackson R, Carruthers S, Dodd J, Dodd S, Oates M, Johnson GG, Schuh A, Matutes E, Dearden CE, Catovsky D, Radford JA, Bloor A, Follows GA, Devereux S, Kruger A, Blundell J, Agrawal S, Allsup D, Proctor S, Heartin E, Oscier D, Hamblin TJ, Rawstron A, Hillmen P. Alemtuzumab in Combination With Methylprednisolone Is a Highly Effective Induction Regimen for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Deletion of TP53: Final Results of the National Cancer Research Institute CLL206 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), TP53 deletion/mutation is strongly associated with an adverse outcome and resistance to chemotherapy-based treatment. In contrast, TP53 defects are not associated with resistance to the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab or methylprednisolone. In an attempt to improve the treatment of TP53-defective CLL, a multicenter phase II study was developed to evaluate alemtuzumab and methylprednisolone in combination. Patients and Methods Thirty-nine patients with TP53-deleted CLL (17 untreated and 22 previously treated) received up to 16 weeks of treatment with alemtuzumab 30 mg three times a week and methylprednisolone 1.0 g/m2 for five consecutive days every 4 weeks. Antimicrobial prophylaxis consisted of cotrimoxazole, itraconazole, and aciclovir (or valganciclovir for asymptomatic cytomegalovirus viremia). The primary end point was response as assigned by an end-point review committee. Secondary end points were safety, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results The overall response rate, complete response rate (including with incomplete marrow recovery), median PFS, and median OS were 85%, 36%, 11.8 months, and 23.5 months, respectively, in the entire cohort and 88%, 65%, 18.3 months, and 38.9 months, respectively, in previously untreated patients. Grade 3 to 4 hematologic and glucocorticoid-associated toxicity occurred in 67% and 23% of patients, respectively. Grade 3 to 4 infection occurred in 51% of the overall cohort and in 29% of patients less than 60 years of age. Treatment-related mortality was 5%. Conclusion Alemtuzumab plus methypredisolone is the most effective induction regimen hitherto reported in TP53-deleted CLL. The risk of infection is age related and, in younger patients, seems only marginally higher than that associated with rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Pettitt
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Richard Jackson
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Stacey Carruthers
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - James Dodd
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Susanna Dodd
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Melanie Oates
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Gillian G. Johnson
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Anna Schuh
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Estella Matutes
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Claire E. Dearden
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Daniel Catovsky
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - John A. Radford
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Adrian Bloor
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - George A. Follows
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Anton Kruger
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Julie Blundell
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Samir Agrawal
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - David Allsup
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Stephen Proctor
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Earnest Heartin
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - David Oscier
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Terry J. Hamblin
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Andrew Rawstron
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
| | - Peter Hillmen
- Andrew R. Pettitt, Richard Jackson, Stacey Carruthers, James Dodd, Susanna Dodd, and Melanie Oates, University of Liverpool; Andrew R. Pettitt and Gillian G Johnson, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool; Anna Schuh, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford; Estella Matutes, Claire E. Dearden, and Daniel Catovsky, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey; John A. Radford and Adrian Bloor, The University of
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