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Fang D, Huang W, Antkiewicz DS, Wang Y, Khuzestani RB, Zhang Y, Shang J, Shafer MM, He L, Schauer JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao S. Chemical composition and health risk indices associated with size-resolved particulate matter in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12435-12445. [PMID: 30847817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Heshan Super-Station in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, to evaluate their chemical characteristics and potential health risks. The chemical mass closures illustrate that the dominant fraction in coarse (2.5 μm < Dp < 10 μm) PM was dust, while organic matter made up a substantial portion of both fine (0.1 < Dp < 2.5 μm) and ultra-fine (Dp < 0.10 μm) PM fractions. The size distribution of most PM components varied substantially. PM, NO3-, K+, Cl-, Na+ and most of the transition/redox metals displayed bimodal size distributions with the dominant peak at 0.32-0.56 μm plus a small peak at 1.8-3.2 μm. In contrast, unimodal size distributions were found for the rest of the species, such as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, and SO42- and the majority of oxyanion metals with a single peak at 0.32-0.56 μm, and Mg2+, Ca2+, and dust tracer elements which mainly accumulated in coarse particles. Based on the crustal enrichment factor (CEF) analysis, Cd, Zn, Sb, Sn, As, Pb, Mo, Cu, and Cr primarily originated from anthropogenic activities, while Ti in all size fractions and Sr, Mg, Na, and Fe in fine and ultra-fine particles were mainly emitted from natural sources. The potential health risk assessment of trace metals was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) indices. Although the adverse health effects of most metals were limited, significant potential carcinogenic risks were found for As and Cr in both fine and coarse particle size fractions, which contributed more than 95% of total ELCR. Therefore, considering that these two elements were mainly emitted from industrial processes, improvements in air quality and health risks in the PRD region can be largely achieved by reducing the emissions of local industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Lab of Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Shuo Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Abbey DE, Nishino N, McDonnell WF, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, Lawrence Beeson W, Yang JX. Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:373-82. [PMID: 9927346 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9806020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term ambient concentrations of inhalable particles less than 10 microm in diameter (PM10) (1973- 1992) and other air pollutants-total suspended sulfates, sulfur dioxide, ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide-were related to 1977-1992 mortality in a cohort of 6,338 nonsmoking California Seventh-day Adventists. In both sexes, PM10 showed a strong association with mortality for any mention of nonmalignant respiratory disease on the death certificate, adjusting for a wide range of potentially confounding factors, including occupational and indoor sources of air pollutants. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for this cause of death as associated with an interquartile range (IQR) difference of 43 d/yr when PM10 exceeded 100 microg/m3 was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.36). In males, PM10 showed a strong association with lung cancer deaths-RR for an IQR was 2.38 (95% CI: 1.42, 3.97). Ozone showed an even stronger association with lung cancer mortality for males with an RR of 4.19 (95% CI: 1.81, 9.69) for the IQR difference of 551 h/yr when O3 exceeded 100 parts per billion. Sulfur dioxide showed strong associations with lung cancer mortality for both sexes. Other pollutants showed weak or no association with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Abbey
- Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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Berglund DJ, Abbey DE, Lebowitz MD, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF. Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in an elderly nonsmoking population. Chest 1999; 115:49-59. [PMID: 9925062 DOI: 10.1378/chest.115.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine risk factors for chronic airway disease (CAD) in elderly nonsmokers, as determined by pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and to correlate reported respiratory symptoms with PFT measures. DESIGN An observational survey. SETTING Several communities in California. MEASUREMENTS Exposures and respiratory history were assessed by standardized questionnaire. PFTs were performed and prediction equations derived. RESULTS Significant risk factors for obstruction on PFTs in multiple logistic regression included reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (relative risk [RR]=1.44), parental CAD or hay fever (RR=1.47), history of childhood respiratory illness (RR=2.15), increasing age, and male sex. The number of years of past smoking was of borderline significance (RR=1.29 for 10 years of smoking; p=0.06). The prevalence of obstruction on PFTs was 24.9% in those with definite symptomatic CAD, compared with 7.5% in those with no symptoms of CAD. The prevalence of obstruction was 36.0% among those with asthma and 70.6% among those with emphysema. Also, symptomatic CAD correlated with reduction in lung function by analysis of covariance. The mean percent predicted FEV1 adjusted for covariates was 90.6% in persons with definite symptoms of CAD, compared with 97.8% in those without it (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, parental history, childhood respiratory illness, and reported ETS exposures were significant risk factors for obstruction on PFTs. Self-reported respiratory symptoms also correlated significantly with PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Berglund
- Center for Health Research, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
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