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Park JE, Sasaki E. Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Genetic Manipulation in the Common Marmoset. ILAR J 2021; 61:286-303. [PMID: 33693670 PMCID: PMC8918153 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic modification of nonhuman primate (NHP) zygotes is a useful method for the development of NHP models of human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP, providing the basis for the generation of genetically modified NHP disease models. In this study, we review assisted reproductive techniques, including ovarian stimulation, in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture, embryo transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection protocols in marmosets. Furthermore, we review genetic manipulation techniques, including transgenic strategies, target gene knock-out and knock-in using gene editing protocols, and newly developed gene-editing approaches that may potentially impact the production of genetically manipulated NHP models. We further discuss the progress of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP; future prospects on genetically modified NHP models for biomedical research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Raina A, Kumar S, Shrivastava R, Mitra A. Testis mediated gene transfer: In vitro transfection in goat testis by electroporation. Gene 2015; 554:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kikuchi K, Kashiwazaki N, Nagai T, Nakai M, Somfai T, Noguchi J, Kaneko H. Selected aspects of advanced porcine reproductive technology. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:401-6. [PMID: 18638153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes in pigs has become the most popular method of studying gametogenesis and embryogenesis in this species. Furthermore, because of recent advances in in vitro culture (IVC) of IVM-IVF embryos, in vitro production (IVP) of embryos now enables us to generate viable embryos as successfully as for in vivo-derived embryos and with less cost and in less time. These technologies contribute not only to developments in reproductive physiology and agriculture but also to the conservation of porcine genetic resources and the production of cloned or genetically modified pigs. However, in IVP, there still remains the problem of abnormal ploidy, which is caused by performing procedures under non-physiological conditions. In recent years, unique technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or xenografting of gonadal tissue into immunodeficient experimental animals have been developed to help conserve gamete resources. These technologies combined with IVP are expected to be useful for the conservation of gametes from important genetic resources. Here, we discuss the developmental ability and normality of porcine IVP embryos and also the utilization of ICSI and xenografting in advancing biotechnology in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Chesneau A, Sachs LM, Chai N, Chen Y, Pasquier LD, Loeber J, Pollet N, Reilly M, Weeks DL, Bronchain OJ. Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus. Biol Cell 2008; 100:503-21. [PMID: 18699776 PMCID: PMC2967756 DOI: 10.1042/bc20070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stable integration of foreign DNA into the frog genome has been the purpose of several studies aimed at generating transgenic animals or producing mutations of endogenous genes. Inserting DNA into a host genome can be achieved in a number of ways. In Xenopus, different strategies have been developed which exhibit specific molecular and technical features. Although several of these technologies were also applied in various model organizms, the attributes of each method have rarely been experimentally compared. Investigators are thus confronted with a difficult choice to discriminate which method would be best suited for their applications. To gain better understanding, a transgenesis workshop was organized by the X-omics consortium. Three procedures were assessed side-by-side, and the results obtained are used to illustrate this review. In addition, a number of reagents and tools have been set up for the purpose of gene expression and functional gene analyses. This not only improves the status of Xenopus as a powerful model for developmental studies, but also renders it suitable for sophisticated genetic approaches. Twenty years after the first reported transgenic Xenopus, we review the state of the art of transgenic research, focusing on the new perspectives in performing genetic studies in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chesneau
- Laboratoire Evolution et Développement, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
- CNRS UMR 8080, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurent M. Sachs
- Département Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, MNHN USM 501, CNRS UMR 5166, CP32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Norin Chai
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Zentrum Biochemie und Molekular Zellbiologie, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiochemie, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Science City, 510663 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Louis Du Pasquier
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Loeber
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Zentrum Biochemie und Molekular Zellbiologie, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiochemie, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Laboratoire Evolution et Développement, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
- CNRS UMR 8080, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Michael Reilly
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Daniel L. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Odile J. Bronchain
- Laboratoire Evolution et Développement, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
- CNRS UMR 8080, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Pittoggi C, Beraldi R, Sciamanna I, Barberi L, Giordano R, Magnano AR, Torosantucci L, Pescarmona E, Spadafora C. Generation of biologically active retro-genes upon interaction of mouse spermatozoa with exogenous DNA. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:1239-46. [PMID: 16850445 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mature spermatozoa of most animal species can spontaneously take up foreign DNA molecules which can be delivered to embryos upon fertilization. Following this procedure, transgenic animals of various species have been generated. We recently discovered a reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in mouse spermatozoa that can reverse-transcribe exogenous RNA molecules into cDNA copies. These cDNA copies are transferred to embryos at fertilization, mosaic propagated as non-integrated structures in tissues of founder individuals and further transmitted to F1 progeny. Reverse-transcribed sequences behave as functional genes, being correctly expressed in tissues of F0 and F1 animals. To learn more about this mechanism and further characterize the reverse transcription step, we have now incubated spermatozoa with a plasmid harboring a green fluorescent protein (EGFP) retrotransposition cassette interrupted by an intron in the opposite orientation to the EGFP gene. We found that reverse-transcribed spliced EGFP DNA sequences are generated in sperm cells and transmitted to embryos in IVF assays. After implantation in foster mothers, embryos developed into mice that expressed EGFP in the blood vessel endothelia of a variety of organs. The EGFP-encoding cDNA sequences were detected in positive tissues as extrachromosomal mosaic-propagated structures, maintained in low-copy number (<1 copy/genome), and mosaic transmitted from founders to the F1 progeny. These results indicate that an efficient machinery is present in mature spermatozoa, which can transcribe, splice, and reverse-transcribe exogenous DNA molecules. This mechanism is implicated in the genesis and non-Mendelian propagation of new genetic information besides that contained in chromosomes.
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Sato M. Direct gene delivery to murine testis as a possible means of transfection of mature sperm and epithelial cells lining epididymal ducts. Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5:1-7. [PMID: 29699231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a sperm cell to introduce exogenous DNA into an oocyte at the time of fertilization is of interest for the simple production of transgenic mice, and is now called 'sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT)'. In vivo transfection of sperm cells has been developed as an alternative method for SMGT and can be carried out by direct gene delivery into an interstitial space in a testis (now called 'testis-mediated gene transfer [TMGT]'), into the vas deferens, or into seminiferous tubules. This review summarizes what has been achieved in the field of in vivo gene transfer using sperm cells. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Division of Basic Molecular Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Recent developments in studies of sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) now provide solid ground for the notion that sperm cells can act as vectors for exogenous genetic sequences. A substantive body of evidence indicates that SMGT is potentially useable in animal transgenesis, but also suggests that the final fate of the exogenous sequences transferred by sperm is not always predictable. The analysis of SMGT-derived offspring has shown the existence of integrated foreign sequences in some cases, while in others stable modifications of the genome are difficult to detect. The appearance of SMGT-derived modified offspring on the one hand and, on the other hand, the rarity of actual modification of the genome, suggest inheritance as extrachromosomal structures. Several specific factors have been identified that mediate distinct steps in SMGT. Among those, a prominent role is played by an endogenous reverse transcriptase of retrotransposon origin. Mature spermatozoa are naturally protected against the intrusion of foreign nucleic acid molecules; however, particular environmental conditions, such as those occurring during human assisted reproduction, can abolish this protection. The possibility that sperm cells under these conditions carry genetic sequences affecting the integrity or identity of the host genome should be critically considered. These considerations further suggest the possibility that SMGT events may occasionally take place in nature, with profound implications for evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, UK.
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Smith KR. Gene Therapy: The Potential Applicability of Gene Transfer Technology to the Human Germline. Int J Med Sci 2004; 1:76-91. [PMID: 15912200 PMCID: PMC1074716 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The theoretical possibility of applying gene transfer methodologies to the human germline is explored. Transgenic methods for genetically manipulating embryos may in principle be applied to humans. In particular, microinjection of retroviral vector appears to hold the greatest promise, with transgenic primates already obtained from this approach. Sperm-mediated gene transfer offers potentially the easiest route to the human germline, however the requisite methodology is presently underdeveloped. Nuclear transfer (cloning) offers an alternative approach to germline genetic modification, however there are major health concerns associated with current nuclear transfer methods. It is concluded that human germline gene therapy remains for all practical purposes a future possibility that must await significant and important advances in gene transfer technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, DD1 1HG, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Gene therapy holds great promise. Somatic gene therapy has the potential to treat a wide range of disorders, including inherited conditions, cancers, and infectious diseases. Early progress has already been made in the treatment of a range of disorders. Ethical issues surrounding somatic gene therapy are primarily those concerned with safety. Germline gene therapy is theoretically possible but raises serious ethical concerns concerning future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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Nakai M, Kashiwazaski N, Takizawa A, Hayashi Y, Nakatsukasa E, Fuchimoto DI, Noguchi J, Kaneko H, Shino M, Kikuchi K. Viable piglets generated from porcine oocytes matured in vitro and fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm head injection. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:1003-8. [PMID: 12604654 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.009506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of a nonmotile cell into the ooplasm for assisted fertilization is a highly specialized procedure for producing the next generation. The production of piglets by ICSI has succeeded when in vivo-matured oocytes have been used as recipients. Our objective was to generate viable piglets by using porcine oocytes matured in vitro and fertilized by ICSI after evaluating the efficacy of using donor spermatozoa in which the acrosome had been artificially removed by treatment with calcium ionophore A23187 (Ca-I). The rate of acrosomal loss in spermatozoa was increased significantly as the duration of treatment with 10 micro M Ca-I was prolonged for 30-120 min (Ca-I treated; 55.6-78.6%), whereas the rate was not different as the duration of incubation without Ca-I was prolonged for 30-120 min (control; 45.3-58.4%). On the sixth day of in vitro culture after injection of the sperm head and subsequent stimulation with an electrical pulse, the rates of blastocyst formation were not significantly different between the two groups: the rates for oocytes injected with Ca-I-treated sperm heads (incubated for 120 min) and for those injected with control sperm heads were 8.6% and 4.0%, respectively. The mean cell numbers of the blastocysts were not significantly different between the two groups (25.6 and 22.7, respectively). Within 2 h after the stimulation, the injected oocytes were transferred to estrous-synchronized recipients. The three recipients that received oocytes injected with Ca-I-treated sperm heads (77-150 oocytes per recipient) were not pregnant, whereas two of the four recipients given oocytes injected with control sperm heads (55-100 oocytes per recipient) were pregnant. One of these farrowed three (a male and two female) healthy piglets. The results demonstrate clearly that in vitro-matured oocytes injected with sperm heads are developmentally competent and can produce viable piglets. They also suggest that removal of the acrosome from the spermatozoon before injection does not affect the development of the blastocyst in vitro. This might not also improve the production of piglets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakai
- Genetic Diversity Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Smith KR. Gene transfer in higher animals: theoretical considerations and key concepts. J Biotechnol 2002; 99:1-22. [PMID: 12204554 PMCID: PMC7252021 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2001] [Revised: 04/12/2002] [Accepted: 04/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer technology provides the ability to genetically manipulate the cells of higher animals. Gene transfer permits both germline and somatic alterations. Such genetic manipulation is the basis for animal transgenesis goals and gene therapy attempts. Improvements in gene transfer are required in terms of transgene design to permit gene targeting, and in terms of transfection approaches to allow improved transgene uptake efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Contradictory evidence surrounds the claim that sperm cells are able to introduce exogenous DNA into the oocyte at the time of fertilisation. Although strong natural barriers exist against sperm-mediated gene transfer, such barriers are unlikely to be absolutely inviolable. If sperm cells can act as vectors for exogenous DNA, it follows that the genome of sexually reproducing animals may be subject to alteration by exogenous DNA sequences carried by sperm cells. At present there are insufficient data to permit quantification of the rate of sperm-mediated gene transfer. The implications of sperm-mediated gene transfer are significant and include evolutionary effects on the mammalian genome and pathologies in humans from de novo mutations. Despite the absence of firm data, geneticists would be wise to be vigilant to the potential consequences of sperm-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Chang K, Qian J, Jiang M, Liu YH, Wu MC, Chen CD, Lai CK, Lo HL, Hsiao CT, Brown L, Bolen J, Huang HI, Ho PY, Shih PY, Yao CW, Lin WJ, Chen CH, Wu FY, Lin YJ, Xu J, Wang K. Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer. BMC Biotechnol 2002; 2:5. [PMID: 11964188 PMCID: PMC113740 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2001] [Accepted: 04/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic animals have become valuable tools for both research and applied purposes. The current method of gene transfer, microinjection, which is widely used in transgenic mouse production, has only had limited success in producing transgenic animals of larger or higher species. Here, we report a linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer method (LB-SMGT) that greatly improves the production efficiency of large transgenic animals. RESULTS The linker protein, a monoclonal antibody (mAb C), is reactive to a surface antigen on sperm of all tested species including pig, mouse, chicken, cow, goat, sheep, and human. mAb C is a basic protein that binds to DNA through ionic interaction allowing exogenous DNA to be linked specifically to sperm. After fertilization of the egg, the DNA is shown to be successfully integrated into the genome of viable pig and mouse offspring with germ-line transfer to the F1 generation at a highly efficient rate: 37.5% of pigs and 33% of mice. The integration is demonstrated again by FISH analysis and F2 transmission in pigs. Furthermore, expression of the transgene is demonstrated in 61% (35/57) of transgenic pigs (F0 generation). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that LB-SMGT could be used to generate transgenic animals efficiently in many different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keejong Chang
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin Qian
- BioAgri Corporation, 17711 Rowland St., City of Industry, CA 91748, U.S.A
| | | | - Yi-Hsin Liu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Ming-Che Wu
- Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Hsinhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Dar Chen
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kuen Lai
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ton Hsiao
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lucy Brown
- Analytical Cytometry Core, Division of Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, U.S.A
| | - James Bolen
- Analytical Cytometry Core, Division of Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, U.S.A
| | - Hsiao-I Huang
- BioAgri Corporation, 17711 Rowland St., City of Industry, CA 91748, U.S.A
| | - Pei-Yu Ho
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping Yao Shih
- BioAgri Corporation-Taiwan Branch, Fl. 8-8, No. 8, Song-Chiang Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Yao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Jinq Lin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing Xu
- BioAgri Corporation, 17711 Rowland St., City of Industry, CA 91748, U.S.A
| | - Ken Wang
- BioAgri Corporation, 17711 Rowland St., City of Industry, CA 91748, U.S.A
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