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Vidya Raj CK, Venugopal J, Muthaiah M, Chadha VK, Brammacharry U, Swappna M, Sangeetha AV, Dhandapani SP, Kareedhi VR, Calivarathan L, Karthick M, Jayapal K. In-vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of Eugenol. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:647-654. [PMID: 36460403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis has developed resistance to most of the available antimicrobials. Therefore research on the detection of new antimicrobials against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is needed urgently. Essential oils extracted from plants have been shown to have anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect in in-vitro experiments. Essential oil contains many chemicals and any one or more than one chemical may have the anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect. Eugenol is one such chemical in the essential oil and the anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of eugenol is investigated. METHODS The anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of eugenol was evaluated against H37Rv and twelve clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the BD BACTEC MGIT instrument using different volumes of eugenol. RESULTS H37Rv and all the twelve clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were inhibited by eugenol. The minimal inhibitory concentration of H37Rv was 2.5 μl (2.67 mg) and those of the clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ranged from to 2.5 μl (2.67 mg) to 10 μl (10.68 mg). CONCLUSION Eugenol has anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect in the in-vitro BD BACTEC MGIT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Vidya Raj
- State TB Training & Demonstration Center, Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Jayapal Venugopal
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University (Grade A), Pillaiyar Kuppam, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, 607 402, India.
| | - Muthuraj Muthaiah
- State TB Training & Demonstration Center, Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | | | - Usharani Brammacharry
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Tharamani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - M Swappna
- Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603001, India
| | - A V Sangeetha
- Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603001, India
| | - Senthil Pragash Dhandapani
- Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603001, India
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Ahmad A, Elisha IL, van Vuuren S, Viljoen A. Volatile phenolics: A comprehensive review of the anti-infective properties of an important class of essential oil constituents. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112864. [PMID: 34311279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, essential oils and their lead molecules have been extensively recognised for their anti-infective properties. In this context, certain volatile phenolics (VPs) have emerged as important antimicrobial compounds with excellent inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, which further extends to drug-resistant and biofilm-forming micro-organisms. In this review, we aim to collate and discuss a number of published papers on the anti-infective activities of naturally occurring VPs with special emphasis on eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol and carvacrol, using Scopus Web of Science and PubMed databases. The biosynthesis and extraction of these VPs are discussed, while particular attention is given to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and the mechanisms of action. We highlight combinational studies of the VPs with other phytocompounds and with commercially available drugs, which may be a promising and a rewarding future approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. These VPs alone, or concomitantly with other compounds or drugs, have the potential to be incorporated into different formulations for biomedical applications. An in-depth assessment of 2310 articles retrieved from the Scopus database spanning a 35-year period indicated 23.1% increase in global publication growth in VPs anti-infective research, with authors from Italy, Portugal and Austria dominating the research landscape. The dominant areas of investigations are identified as antimicrobial activity, antibacterial mechanism of action, antifungal mechanism of action, extraction methods and phytochemistry, use in the food industry, and for oral and dental anti-infective activity. Specific research areas, which require future attention include; antituberculosis research, nanoparticle formulation of antimicrobial active VP molecules, preclinical and clinical trials. The antimicrobial testing of isoeugenol was found to be the least studied of the VPs and this requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ishaku Leo Elisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Drug Development Section, Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandy van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Isoeugenol and Hybrid Acetamides against Candida albicans Isolated from the Oral Cavity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100291. [PMID: 33023068 PMCID: PMC7599878 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isougenol is a phytoconstituent found in several essential oils. Since many natural products are potent antimicrobials, the synthesis of hybrid molecules-combining the chemical skeleton of the phytochemical with synthetic groups-can generate substances with enhanced biological activity. Based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of isoeugenol and hybrid acetamides against Candida albicans isolated from the oral cavity. The methodologies used were the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), action on fungal micromorphology, interaction test with nystatin by the checkerboard method and molecular docking study with important enzymes in the maintenance of fungal viability. The synthetic molecules did not demonstrate significant antifungal activity in vitro. The isoeugenol MIC and MFC varied between 128 and 256 µg/mL, being the phytoconstituent able to interfere in the formation of blastoconid and chlamydoconid structures, important in the pathogenic process of the species. The molecular docking study revealed that isoeugenol is a potential inhibitor of the enzymes 14-α-demethylase and delta-14-sterol reductase, interfering in the fungal cell membrane biosynthesis. Thus, this research provides clearer expectations for future pharmacological studies with isoeugenol and derived molecules, aiming at its therapeutic application against infections caused by Candida spp.
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de Almeida AL, Caleffi-Ferracioli KR, de L Scodro RB, Baldin VP, Montaholi DC, Spricigo LF, Nakamura-Vasconcelos SS, Hegeto LA, Sampiron EG, Costacurta GF, Dos S Yamazaki DA, F Gauze GD, Siqueira VL, Cardoso RF. Eugenol and derivatives activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria and other bacteria. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:331-344. [PMID: 30757916 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate (i) the in vitro activity of eugenol (EUG) and three derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and other bacteria, (ii) the EUG and antituberculosis drugs combinatory effect and (iii) the EUG and its derivatives cytotoxicity. MATERIALS & METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration of the compounds were determined by resazurin microtiter or broth microdilution assay and the drug interaction between EUG and antituberculosis drugs by resazurin drug combination microtiter. The cytotoxicity was carried out in macrophages, HeLa and VERO cells. Results: EUG and derivatives displayed activity and synergic effect of EUG combined with rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in Mtb including multidrug-resistant isolates, with more selectivity to bacillus than macrophages, HeLa and VERO cells (selective index from 0.65 to 31.4). EUG derivatives (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl benzoate, and 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl 4-nitrobenzoate) were more active against nontuberculous mycobacteria than EUG. EUG and derivatives exhibited low activity in other Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. CONCLUSION EUG and its derivatives show activity against Mycobacterium spp. and synergic effect of EUG combined with antituberculosis drugs against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryadne L de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Katiany R Caleffi-Ferracioli
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Regiane B de L Scodro
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P Baldin
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Débora C Montaholi
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiza F Spricigo
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Nakamura-Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Laíse A Hegeto
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Eloísa G Sampiron
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Giovana F Costacurta
- Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele de F Gauze
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Vera Ld Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rosilene F Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, PR, Brazil
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Peixoto LR, Rosalen PL, Ferreira GLS, Freires IA, de Carvalho FG, Castellano LR, de Castro RD. Antifungal activity, mode of action and anti-biofilm effects of Laurus nobilis Linnaeus essential oil against Candida spp. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:179-185. [PMID: 27771586 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study demonstrated the antifungal potential of the chemically characterized essential oil (EO) of Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) against Candida spp. biofilm adhesion and formation, and further established its mode of action on C. albicans. METHODS L. nobilis EO was obtained and tested for its minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC/MFC) against Candida spp., as well as for interaction with cell wall biosynthesis and membrane ionic permeability. Then we evaluated its effects on the adhesion, formation, and reduction of 48hC. albicans biofilms. The EO phytochemical profile was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS The MIC and MFC values of the EO ranged from (250 to 500) μg/mL. The MIC values increased in the presence of sorbitol (osmotic protector) and ergosterol, which indicates that the EO may affect cell wall biosynthesis and membrane ionic permeability, respectively. At 2 MIC the EO disrupted initial adhesion of C. albicans biofilms (p<0.05) and affected biofilm formation with no difference compared to nystatin (p>0.05). When applied for 1min, every 8h, for 24h and 48h, the EO reduced the amount of C. albicans mature biofilm with no difference in relation to nystatin (p>0.05). The phytochemical analysis identified isoeugenol as the major compound (53.49%) in the sample. CONCLUSIONS L. nobilis EO has antifungal activity probably due to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in its composition. This EO may affect cell wall biosynthesis and membrane permeability, and showed deleterious effects against C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Rangel Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Roberto Castellano
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil; Human Immunology Research and Education Group (GEPIH), Technical School of Health (Escola Técnica de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba) - UFPB, João Pessoa, 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Bhatia R, Shreaz S, Khan N, Muralidhar S, Basir SF, Manzoor N, Khan LA. Proton pumping ATPase mediated fungicidal activity of two essential oil components. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:504-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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