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Sturman D, Bell EA, Auton JC, Breakey GR, Wiggins MW. The roles of phishing knowledge, cue utilization, and decision styles in phishing email detection. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 119:104309. [PMID: 38729025 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of phishing knowledge, cue utilization, and decision styles in contributing to phishing email detection. Participants (N = 145) completed an online email sorting task, and measures of phishing knowledge, email decision styles, cue utilization, and email security awareness. Cue utilization was the only factor that uniquely predicted the capacity to discriminate phishing from genuine emails. Phishing knowledge was associated with greater phishing detection and a bias towards classifying all emails as phishing. A preference for intuitive decision making predicted lower detection of phishing emails, driven by a greater tendency to classify emails as genuine. These findings support the proposition that cue utilization is a distinct cognitive process that enables expert performance. The outcomes indicate that, in addition to increasing phishing knowledge and developing safe behavioral patterns, anti-phishing training needs to provide opportunities for trainees to develop meaningful cue associations.
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Cooper D, Wiggins MW, Main LC, Wills JA, Doyle T. Cue utilisation is partially related to performance on an urban operations course but not experience. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 110:104024. [PMID: 37080083 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decision making in use of force relies on accurate cue identification to inform appropriate response. This research was designed to test the relationship between cue utilisation and performance prior to, and following participation in an urban operations course (UOC). METHODS A total of 37 participants were assessed on cue utilisation measures, course outcome and between group changes following course participation. RESULTS A significant main effect was evident for Cue utilisation and administration, (p = 0.005), but not training group, (p = 0.54), nor between groups and point of administration, (p = 0.410). No main effect was evident between groups and training outcome, (p = 0.11). However, there was a main effect for point of administration, (p = 0.02) and training outcome and point of administration (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Although cue utilisation is an essential component of perception-action tasks, cues may be more specific to the relevant training environment with limited transfer to the operational context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity & Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tim Doyle
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wiggins MW, Lim D, Porte M, Bayl-Smith P. Cue utilization and pool lifeguarding. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 85:391-397. [PMID: 37330888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amongst pool lifeguards, the capacity to identify drowning swimmers quickly and accurately depends on the interpretation of critical cues. However, assessing the capacity for cue utilization amongst lifeguards at present is costly, time-consuming, and largely subjective. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between cue utilization and the detection of drowning swimmers in a series of virtual public swimming pool scenarios. METHOD Eighty-seven participants with or without lifeguarding experience engaged in three virtual scenarios, two of which were target scenarios where drowning events occurred within a 13 minute or 23 minute period of watch. Cue utilization was assessed using the pool lifeguarding edition of the EXPERTise 2.0 software following which 23 participants were classified with higher cue utilization, while the remaining participants were classified with lower cue utilization. RESULTS The results revealed that participants with higher cue utilization were more likely to have acquired experience as a lifeguard, were more likely to detect the drowning swimmer within a three minute period, and, in the case of the 13 minute scenario, recorded a greater dwell time on the drowning victim prior to the drowning event. CONCLUSION The results suggest that cue utilization is associated with drowning detection performance in a simulated environment and could be employed as a basis for assessments of performance amongst lifeguards in the future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Measures of cue utilization are associated with the timely detection of drowning victims in virtual pool lifeguarding scenarios. Employers and trainers of lifeguards can potentially augment existing lifeguarding assessment programs to quickly and cost-effectively identify the capabilities of lifeguards. This is especially useful for new lifeguards or where pool lifeguarding is a seasonal activity that might be associated with skill decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - David Lim
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Meredith Porte
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Piers Bayl-Smith
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
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Sturman D, Valenzuela C, Plate O, Tanvir T, Auton JC, Bayl-Smith P, Wiggins MW. The role of cue utilization in the detection of phishing emails. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 106:103887. [PMID: 36037654 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the roles of cue utilization, phishing features and time pressure in the detection of phishing emails. During two experiments, participants completed an email sorting task containing both phishing and genuine emails. Participants were allocated to either a high or low time pressure condition. Performance was assessed via detection sensitivity and response bias. Participants were classified with either higher or lower cue utilization and completed a measure of phishing knowledge. When participants were blind to the nature of the study (N = 191), participants with higher cue utilization were better able to discriminate phishing from genuine emails. However, they also recorded a stronger bias towards classifying emails as phishing, compared to participants with lower cue utilization. When notified of phishing base rates prior to the email sorting task (N = 191), participants with higher cue utilization were better able to discriminate phishing from genuine emails without recording an increase in rate of false alarms, compared to participants with lower cue utilization. Sensitivity increased with a reduction in time pressure, while response bias was influenced by the number of phishing-related features in each email. The outcomes support the proposition that cue-based processing of critical features is associated with an increase in the capacity of individuals to discriminate phishing from genuine emails, above and beyond phishing-related knowledge. From an applied perspective, these outcomes suggest that cue-based training may be beneficial for improving detection of phishing emails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sturman
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Chelsea Valenzuela
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Oliver Plate
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tazin Tanvir
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Piers Bayl-Smith
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Carrigan AJ, Charlton A, Foucar E, Wiggins MW, Georgiou A, Palmeri TJ, Curby KM. The Role of Cue-Based Strategies in Skilled Diagnosis Among Pathologists. HUMAN FACTORS 2022; 64:1154-1167. [PMID: 33586457 DOI: 10.1177/0018720821990160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was designed to test whether behavioral indicators of pathology-related cue utilization were associated with performance on a diagnostic task. BACKGROUND Across many domains, including pathology, successful diagnosis depends on pattern recognition that is supported by associations in memory in the form of cues. Previous studies have focused on the specific information or knowledge on which medical image expertise relies. The target in this study is the more general ability to identify and interpret relevant information. METHOD Data were collected from 54 histopathologists in both conference and online settings. The participants completed a pathology edition of the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation 2.0 (EXPERTise 2.0) to establish behavioral indicators of context-related cue utilization. They also completed a separate diagnostic task designed to examine related diagnostic skills. RESULTS Behavioral indicators of higher or lower cue utilization were based on the participants' performance across five tasks. Accounting for the number of cases reported per year, higher cue utilization was associated with greater accuracy on the diagnostic task. A post hoc analysis suggested that higher cue utilization may be associated with a greater capacity to recognize low prevalence cases. CONCLUSION This study provides support for the role of cue utilization in the development and maintenance of skilled diagnosis amongst pathologists. APPLICATION Pathologist training needs to be structured to ensure that learners have the opportunity to form cue-based strategies and associations in memory, especially for less commonly seen diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim M Curby
- 7788 Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Falkland EC, Wiggins MW, Douglas H, Sturman D, Auton JC, Shieh L, Westbrook JI. Explaining emergency physicians' capacity to recover from interruptions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 105:103857. [PMID: 35933839 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the capacity to utilize cues amongst emergency physicians is associated with differences in the capacity to recover performance following an interruption. BACKGROUND Interruptions are implicated in errors in emergency medicine due to the cognitive load that they impose on working memory, resulting in a loss of performance on the primary task. The utilization of cues is associated with a reduction in cognitive load during the performance of a task, thereby enabling the allocation of residual resources that mitigates the loss of performance following interruptions. METHOD Thirty-nine emergency physicians, recruited at a medical conference, completed an assessment of cue utilization (EXPERTise 2.0) and an online simulation (Septris) that involved the management of patients presenting with sepsis. During the simulation, physicians were interrupted and asked to check a medication order. Task performance was assessed using scores on Septris, with points awarded for the accurate management of patients. RESULTS Emergency physicians with higher cue utilization recorded significantly higher scores on the simulation task following the interruption, compared to physicians with lower cue utilization (p = .028). CONCLUSION The results confirm a relationship between cue utilization and the recovery of performance following an interruption. This is likely due to the advantages afforded by associated reductions in cognitive load. APPLICATION Assessments of cue utilization may assist in the development of interventions to support clinicians in interruptive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Falkland
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Heather Douglas
- Department of Psychology, Newcastle University, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Sturman
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Lisa Shieh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Johanna I Westbrook
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Carrigan AJ, Charlton A, Wiggins MW, Georgiou A, Palmeri T, Curby KM. Cue utilisation reduces the impact of response bias in histopathology. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103590. [PMID: 34598079 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Histopathologists make diagnostic decisions that are thought to be based on pattern recognition, likely informed by cue-based associations formed in memory, a process known as cue utilisation. Typically, the cases presented to the histopathologist have already been classified as 'abnormal' by clinical examination and/or other diagnostic tests. This results in a high disease prevalence, the potential for 'abnormality priming', and a response bias leading to false positives on normal cases. This study investigated whether higher cue utilisation is associated with a reduction in positive response bias in the diagnostic decisions of histopathologists. Data were collected from eighty-two histopathologists who completed a series of demographic and experience-related questions and the histopathology edition of the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation 2.0 (EXPERTise 2.0) to establish behavioural indicators of context-related cue utilisation. They also completed a separate, diagnostic task comprising breast histopathology images where the frequency of abnormality was manipulated to create a high disease prevalence context for diagnostic decisions relating to normal tissue. Participants were assigned to higher or lower cue utilisation groups based on their performance on EXPERTise 2.0. When the effects of experience were controlled, higher cue utilisation was specifically associated with a greater accuracy classifying normal images, recording a lower positive response bias. This study suggests that cue utilisation may play a protective role against response biases in histopathology settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Carrigan
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise & Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - A Charlton
- Department of Histopathology, Auckland City Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise & Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Georgiou
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Palmeri
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - K M Curby
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise & Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Zhang DC, Wang Y. An Empirical Approach to Identifying Subject Matter Experts for the Development of Situational Judgment Tests. JOURNAL OF PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. The development of a scoring key for the situational judgment test often requires subject matter experts (SMEs) to identify the best responses for a hypothetical situation. And yet, there is no gold standard for identifying the SMEs. This paper describes an empirical and context-free approach: the Cochran–Weiss–Shanteau (CWS) method, which does not rely on external criteria such as tenure or credential. We first describe the theory behind the empirical approach of expertise. We also outline the CWS method and provide an R script for calculating the CWS index. Next, we demonstrate how the CWS index can be used for improving interrater agreement and the efficiency of SME selection. Finally, we examined the nomological network of the CWS index. We found that the CWS index was associated with reflective thinking and intuition avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don C. Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, USA
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Greenwood CE, Carrigan AJ. The effect of cue utilization in driving on response inhibition. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann J. Carrigan
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Perception in Action Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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10
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Carrigan AJ, Stoodley P, Ng K, Moerel D, Wiggins MW. Static versus dynamic medical images: The role of cue utilization in diagnostic performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann J. Carrigan
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Perception in Action Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul Stoodley
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Westmead Private Cardiology Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - Kenny Ng
- Cardiology Department Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Denise Moerel
- Perception in Action Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Carrigan AJ, Magnussen J, Georgiou A, Curby KM, Palmeri TJ, Wiggins MW. Differentiating Experience From Cue Utilization in Radiological Assessments. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:635-646. [PMID: 32150500 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820902576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was designed to examine the contribution of self-reported experience and cue utilization to diagnostic accuracy in the context of radiology. BACKGROUND Within radiology, it is unclear how task-related experience contributes to the acquisition of associations between features with events in memory, or cues, and how they contribute to diagnostic performance. METHOD Data were collected from 18 trainees and 41 radiologists. The participants completed a radiology edition of the established cue utilization assessment tool EXPERTise 2.0, which provides a measure of cue utilization based on performance on a number of domain-specific tasks. The participants also completed a separate image interpretation task as an independent measure of diagnostic performance. RESULTS Consistent with previous research, a k-means cluster analysis using the data from EXPERTise 2.0 delineated two groups, the pattern of centroids of which reflected higher and lower cue utilization. Controlling for years of experience, participants with higher cue utilization were more accurate on the image interpretation task compared to participants who demonstrated relatively lower cue utilization (p = .01). CONCLUSION This study provides support for the role of cue utilization in assessments of radiology images among qualified radiologists. Importantly, it also demonstrates that cue utilization and self-reported years of experience as a radiologist make independent contributions to performance on the radiological diagnostic task. APPLICATION Task-related experience, including training, needs to be structured to ensure that learners have the opportunity to acquire feature-event relationships and internalize these associations in the form of cues in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kim M Curby
- 7788 Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW. Drivers' Cue Utilization Predicts Cognitive Resource Consumption During a Simulated Driving Scenario. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:402-414. [PMID: 31721607 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819886765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine whether cue utilization differentiates drivers' consumption of cognitive resources during a simulated driving task. BACKGROUND Outcomes from previous research have demonstrated that a general capacity for cue utilization differentiates cognitive load during novel process control tasks. However, it was previously unclear whether similar results would be demonstrated during familiar operational tasks. METHOD Based on an assessment of cue utilization within a driving context, participants were classified into higher or lower cue utilization typologies. During a simulated driving task, cognitive load was assessed through changes against baseline in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex, through eye behavior metrics (fixation rates and fixation dispersion), and through driving performance (frequency of missed traffic signals and speed exceedances). RESULTS Drivers with higher cue utilization recorded smaller mean fixation dispersions, smaller increases in cerebral oxygenation, and fewer missed traffic signals compared with drivers with lower cue utilization. These results suggest that compared with drivers with lower cue utilization, drivers with higher cue utilization experienced lower cognitive load during the simulated driving task while maintaining a higher level of performance. CONCLUSION The results provide support for the assertion that, among qualified operators, a greater capacity for cue utilization is associated with lower cognitive load during operational tasks. APPLICATION Cue-based assessments of driving may be beneficial in predicting performance and assisting in targeted training for recently qualified and/or older drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sturman
- 7788 Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- 7788 Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Falkland EC, Wiggins MW, Westbrook JI. Interruptions versus breaks: The role of cue utilisation in a simulated process control task. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Falkland
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Johanna I. Westbrook
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
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Joffe AD, Wiggins MW. Cross-task cue utilisation and situational awareness in learning to manage a simulated rail control task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103216. [PMID: 32660932 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cue utilisation and situational awareness share similar properties since both constructs are dependent upon the application of feature-event associations in memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which cue utilisation and situational awareness contribute to learning a simplified, simulated rail control task incorporating an implicit pattern of train movements. Fifty-five undergraduate students completed an assessment of cue utilisation prior to completing the rail control task during periods of lower and higher task demands. Situational awareness was assessed using Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) queries. The results indicated that, while both cue utilisation and situational awareness were related to the detection of the implicit pattern of train movements, they contributed separately to performance on the simulated rail control task. The outcomes suggest that cue utilisation and situational awareness may be separate constructs, where cue utilisation constitutes a capacity variable that is associated with changes in response to task demand and situational awareness constitutes an outcome variable that emerges through task exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Joffe
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Nasser G, Morrison BW, Bayl-Smith P, Taib R, Gayed M, Wiggins MW. The Role of Cue Utilization and Cognitive Load in the Recognition of Phishing Emails. Front Big Data 2020; 3:546860. [PMID: 33693413 PMCID: PMC7931973 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2020.546860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phishing emails represent a major threat to online information security. While the prevailing research is focused on users' susceptibility, few studies have considered the decision-making strategies that account for skilled detection. One relevant facet of decision-making is cue utilization, where users retrieve feature-event associations stored in long-term memory. High degrees of cue utilization help reduce the demands placed on working memory (i.e., cognitive load), and invariably improve decision performance (i.e., the information-reduction hypothesis in expert performance). The current study explored the effect of cue utilization and cognitive load when detecting phishing emails. A total of 50 undergraduate students completed: (1) a rail control task; (2) a phishing detection task; and (3) a survey of the cues used in detection. A cue utilization assessment battery (EXPERTise 2.0) then classified participants with either higher or lower cue utilization. As expected, higher cue utilization was associated with a greater likelihood of detecting phishing emails. However, variation in cognitive load had no effect on phishing detection, nor was there an interaction between cue utilization and cognitive load. Further, the findings revealed no significant difference in the types of cues used across cue utilization groups or performance levels. These findings have implications for our understanding of cognitive mechanisms that underpin the detection of phishing emails and the role of factors beyond the information-reduction hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Nasser
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben W. Morrison
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Piers Bayl-Smith
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronnie Taib
- Data 61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Gayed
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Falkland EC, Wiggins MW, Westbrook JI. Cue Utilization Differentiates Performance in the Management of Interruptions. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:751-769. [PMID: 31238005 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819855281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of cue utilization in the management of interruptions during a high workload, rail control simulation. BACKGROUND High-risk, high-consequence environments are characterized by cognitively demanding, time-critical activities, in which operators are required to manage frequent interruptions under conditions of high workload. Interruptions are deleterious to performance as they impose excessive cognitive demand on limited working memory resources, thereby depleting residual resources for the primary task. Cue utilization may enable superior performance in managing interruptions through efficiencies gained by the application of implicit patterns stored in long-term memory. METHOD Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 46 university students undertook an assessment of cue utilization and subsequently engaged in a high workload, simulated rail control task while managing multiple interruptive tasks. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment 1, wherein 52 university students completed a measure of cue utilization and engaged in a high workload, simulated rail control task while managing multiple interruptions and breaks. RESULTS The analyses revealed that participants who demonstrated a greater capacity for cue utilization also demonstrated a reduced loss of performance following interruptions. CONCLUSION The outcomes suggest a relationship between a greater capacity for cue utilization and superior performance in the management of interruptions in high workload conditions. APPLICATION Assessments of cue utilization may assist in the selection and training of operators in high-consequence, high-risk environments, to ensure efficient and accurate performance during the management of interruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Falkland
- 7788 Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- 7788 Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna I Westbrook
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Carrigan AJ, Stoodley P, Fernandez F, Sunday MA, Wiggins MW. Individual differences in echocardiography: Visual object recognition ability predicts cue utilization. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann J. Carrigan
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training Macquarie University Sydney, NSW Australia
- Perception in Action Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney, NSW Australia
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Paul Stoodley
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Sydney, NSW Australia
- Westmead Private Cardiology Westmead NSW Australia
| | | | | | - Mark W. Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training Macquarie University Sydney, NSW Australia
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney, NSW Australia
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Wiggins MW. A behaviour-based approach to the assessment of cue utilisation: implications for situation assessment and performance. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2020.1758828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Walmsley S, Gilbey A. Applying prospect theory to pilot weather‐related decision‐making: The impact of monetary and time considerations on risk taking behaviour. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Gilbey
- School of AviationMassey University Palmerston North New Zealand
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW, Auton JC, Helton WS. Cue utilisation predicts control room operators' performance in a sustained visual search task. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:48-60. [PMID: 31609682 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1680873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research was designed to determine whether qualified practitioners' cue utilisation is predictive of their performance during a sustained visual search task in an operational context. Australian Distribution Network Service Provider (DNSP) operators were recruited for two experiments, and were classified with either higher or lower cue utilisation based on an assessment of cue utilisation within the context of power distribution. Operators' performance was assessed using a domain-related sustained visual search task. In both experiments, power distribution operators with higher cue utilisation demonstrated shorter mean response latencies during the sustained visual search task, compared to operators with lower cue utilisation. Further, no differences in accuracy based on cue utilisation were observed during the sustained visual search task. The results are consistent with the proposition that power operators with higher cue utilisation have a greater capacity to sustain visual search during domain-related tasks, compared to operators with lower cue utilisation. Practitioner summary: Power distribution system operators' cue utilisation was used to predict performance during a domain-related sustained visual search task. Power distribution operators with higher cue utilisation demonstrated shorter mean response latencies during the sustained visual search task, but no differences in accuracy, compared to operators with lower cue utilisation. Abbreviations: DNSP: distribution network service provider; EXPERTise 2.0: EXPERT intensive skills evaluation; FAT: feature association task; FDT: feature discrimination task; FIT: feature identification task; fNIRS: functional near infrared spectroscopy; FPT: feature prioritisation task; FRT: feature recognition task; SCADA: supervisory control and data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sturman
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Yee DJ, Wiggins MW, Searle BJ. Higher social cue utilisation improves communication, reduces perceived workload, and improves performance amongst ad hoc dyads in simulated rail control. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:31-47. [PMID: 31663427 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1680872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to examine whether ad hoc dyads with different collective social cue utilisation would record differences in performance and perceptions of workload during a simulated rail control task that incorporated distinct levels of demand. The frequency of two types of communicative statements was also examined as mediating factors: closing the loop and informative responding. A quasi-experimental design was employed using 40 dyadic teams. The results indicated that ad hoc teams whose members comprised higher social cue utilisation recorded relatively faster response times and perceived lower levels of workload, and engaged in a greater frequency of communicative statements that involved 'closing the loop' and 'informative responses'. Social cue utilisation also exerted an indirect effect on perceived workload through informative responding. The outcomes have theoretical implications for models of ad hoc team performance, and practical implications for the selection and training of teams that operate on an ad hoc basis. Practitioner summary: This study indicates that, in the context of simulation tasks requiring teamwork, higher social cue utilisation amongst ad hoc team members is associated with communication, workload perception, and overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Yee
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben J Searle
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Yuris NC, Wiggins MW, Auton JC, Gaicon L, Sturman D. Higher cue utilization in driving supports improved driving performance and more effective visual search behaviors. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 71:59-66. [PMID: 31862045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Once qualified, drivers rarely receive objective feedback concerning their performance. This is especially the case in the context of cognitive skills such as situation assessment. The aim of this study was to test the construct validity of an online assessment of motor-vehicle driver cue utilization that forms the foundation for situation assessment. METHOD Seventy-one undergraduate Psychology students with broadly comparable driving experience completed a motor-vehicle driving version of EXPERTise 2.0, an online tool that enables inferences concerning the utilization of cues based on responses to task-related stimuli. They also completed a simulated driving task while fitted with an eye tracking device, during which a range of hazards were presented with participants' responses recorded. RESULTS The results indicated that higher cue utilization was associated with fewer driving errors and collisions, fewer visual fixations, and fewer saccades in comparison to participants with lower cue utilization. CONCLUSION The results provide support for the construct validity of EXPERTise 2.0 as an effective measure of cue utilization in the context of driving. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Providing comparative feedback to drivers concerning their development of situation assessment skills may provide opportunities for further training and development, thereby reducing the likelihood of motor-vehicle accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya C Yuris
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- The University of Adelaide, Hughes, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Leia Gaicon
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Daniel Sturman
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW, Auton JC, Loft S, Helton WS, Westbrook JI, Braithwaite J. Control Room Operators' Cue Utilization Predicts Cognitive Resource Consumption During Regular Operational Tasks. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1967. [PMID: 31507501 PMCID: PMC6718724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine whether qualified practitioners’ cue utilization is predictive of their sustained attention performance during regular operational tasks. Simulated laboratory studies have demonstrated that cue utilization differentiates cognitive load during process control tasks. However, it was previously unclear whether similar results would be demonstrated with qualified practitioners during familiar operational tasks. Australian distribution network service provider (DNSP) operators were classified with either higher or lower cue utilization based on an assessment of cue utilization within the context of electrical power distribution. During two, 20-min periods of operators’ regular workdays, physiological measures of workload were assessed through changes in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex compared to baseline, and through eye behavior metrics (fixation rates, saccade amplitude, and fixation dispersion). The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in eye behavior metrics, based on levels of cue utilization. However, as hypothesized, during both sessions, operators with higher cue utilization demonstrated smaller increases in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex from baseline, compared to operators with lower cue utilization. The results are consistent with the proposition that operators with higher cue utilization experience lower cognitive load during periods of regular activity during their workday, compared to operators with lower cue utilization. Assessments of cue utilization could help identify operators who are better able to sustain attention during regular operational tasks, as well as those who may benefit from cue-based training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sturman
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Johanna I Westbrook
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wiggins MW, Griffin B, Brouwers S. The Potential Role of Context-Related Exposure in Explaining Differences in Water Safety Cue Utilization. HUMAN FACTORS 2019; 61:825-838. [PMID: 30601676 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818814299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether differences in water safety-related cue utilization might be associated with differences in exposure to water-related recreational contexts. BACKGROUND A disproportionate number of incidents of drowning were attributable to recent visitors to New South Wales in the 2016-2017 summer swimming season. This was due to their assumed lack of exposure to the water-related recreational settings in which Australians engage and therefore, the absence of cues that are associated with danger. METHOD In Study 1, the water safety cue utilization of 101 Australian residents and 328 recent visitors to the country was compared using the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation (EXPERTise 2.0) program. Accounting for differences between the samples, Australian residents demonstrated significantly superior water safety cue utilization. In Study 2, the water safety cue utilization of a sample of 219 Australian residents was examined, the outcomes of which indicated that those participants who learned to swim before the age of 11 years demonstrated superior water safety cue utilization to participants who learned to swim at a later age. RESULTS Overall, the results suggest that there are individual differences in water safety cue utilization that are explained, in part, by differences in country of residence and the age at which participants first learned to swim. CONCLUSION Water safety cue utilization is likely to be dependent upon exposure to water-related activities. Identifying individual differences enables the development of more targeted, drowning-prevention strategies.
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Falkland EC, Wiggins MW. Cross-task cue utilisation and situational awareness in simulated air traffic control. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 74:24-30. [PMID: 30487105 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of cross-task cue utilisation in the acquisition of situational awareness during the initial stages of learning to operate an air traffic control simulation. BACKGROUND Cue-based associations are an important component of situational awareness, a construct that is necessary for skilled process control, where the location, movement, and direction of multiple targets needs to be managed. However, the potential for high levels of situational awareness is difficult to assess in the absence of exposure. Previous research suggests that cross-task cue utilisation predicts the acquisition of feature-event associations that form the basis of situational awareness METHOD: Sixty university students undertook an assessment of cue utilisation in the context of motor vehicle driving and subsequently engaged in an air traffic control simulation task. During the air traffic control simulation task, situational awareness queries were introduced based on the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Test (SAGAT). RESULTS The analyses revealed that participants who demonstrated relatively higher levels of cross-task cue utilisation also demonstrated greater performance on the SAGAT and achieved greater performance during the simulated air traffic control task. CONCLUSION The outcomes suggest a relationship between cross-task cue utilisation and situational awareness, particularly at the initial stages of skill acquisition. APPLICATION Assessments of cross-task cue utilisation may be used to distinguish the propensity for prospective trainees to acquire the situational awareness necessary for complex, process control tasks such as air traffic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Falkland
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW, 2109, Australia
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Watkinson J, Bristow G, Auton J, McMahon CM, Wiggins MW. Postgraduate training in audiology improves clinicians’ audiology-related cue utilisation. Int J Audiol 2018; 57:681-687. [DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2018.1476782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah Watkinson
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant Bristow
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaime Auton
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine M. McMahon
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wiggins MW, Whincup E, Auton JC. Cue utilisation reduces effort but increases arousal during a process control task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 69:120-127. [PMID: 29477319 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Process control environments are characterised by rapid changes in work demands, the successful response to which is dependent upon the availability of cognitive resources. Since high cue utilisation is associated with a reduction in cognitive load and a consequent release of residual resources, it was hypothesised that participants with high cue utilisation would experience lower subjective arousal and lower physiological effort in response to increases in the work demands associated with a simulated rail control task. A total of 41 participants completed a 10 min, low work demand period, followed by a 10 min, high work demand condition. High cue utilisation was associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure and the maintenance of sustained, superior performance in response to high work demands. However, an increase in subjective arousal was also evident. The outcomes have implications for the selection and assessment of operators of high reliability, dynamic, process control environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Edward Whincup
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
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Brouwers S, Wiggins MW, Griffin B, Helton WS, O'Hare D. The role of cue utilisation in reducing the workload in a train control task. ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:1500-1515. [PMID: 28508734 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1330494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Skilled performance has been characterised, in part, by the capacity to accurately identify and respond to patterns as cues in the environment. The outcome is a reduction in cognitive load and a greater residual capacity to undertake concurrent tasks. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between cue utilisation and temporal pattern recognition in the context of a simulated, rail control task. Sixty-one university students undertook an assessment of cue utilisation and engaged in a rail control simulation. The appearance and movement of trains followed a consistent but implicit (undisclosed) pattern. Throughout the second half of the rail task, a secondary task was included. The results indicated that participants with relatively higher cue utilisation were more likely to identify the implicit pattern of rail movements, were more accurate and responded more rapidly under increased workload conditions. The results suggest that a propensity to identify patterns as cues may provide an opportunity to reduce cognitive demands, thereby facilitating performance in a novel task. Implications for selection and system design are discussed. Practitioner Summary: This study was designed to explain differences in the way in which people learn, particularly when tasks involve recurring patterns. Using simulated rail control, the results indicated that participants who display behaviour that is indicative of the utilisation of cues also recognise patterns in the movement of simulated trains. This enables them to manage trains more effectively, even while undertaking other tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Brouwers
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Barbara Griffin
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - William S Helton
- b The Psychology Department , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - David O'Hare
- c Department of Psychology , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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Brouwers S, Wiggins MW, Helton W, O'Hare D, Griffin B. Cue Utilization and Cognitive Load in Novel Task Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:435. [PMID: 27064669 PMCID: PMC4809880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine whether differences in cue utilization were associated with differences in performance during a novel, simulated rail control task, and whether these differences reflected a reduction in cognitive load. Two experiments were conducted, the first of which involved the completion of a 20-min rail control simulation that required participants to re-route trains that periodically required a diversion. Participants with a greater level of cue utilization recorded a consistently greater response latency, consistent with a strategy that maintained accuracy, but reduced the demands on cognitive resources. In the second experiment, participants completed the rail task, during which a concurrent, secondary task was introduced. The results revealed an interaction, whereby participants with lesser levels of cue utilization recorded an increase in response latency that exceeded the response latency recorded for participants with greater levels of cue utilization. The relative consistency of response latencies for participants with greater levels of cue utilization, across all blocks, despite the imposition of a secondary task, suggested that those participants with greater levels of cue utilization had adopted a strategy that was effectively minimizing the impact of additional sources of cognitive load on their performance.
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Ericsson KA. How to Gain the Benefits of the Expert Performance Approach in Domains Where the Correctness of Decisions are Not Readily Available: A Reply to Weiss and Shanteau. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee MD, Steyvers M, de Young M, Miller B. Inferring Expertise in Knowledge and Prediction Ranking Tasks. Top Cogn Sci 2012; 4:151-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Molesworth BRC, Tsang MH, Kehoe EJ. Rehearsal and verbal reminders in facilitating compliance with safety rules. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2011; 43:991-997. [PMID: 21376892 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Accidents and incidents often occur, because a basic and seemingly simple rule is 'forgotten', either unintentionally (error, lapse) or with some degree of deliberate negligence (violation). The present experiment examined the utility of a rehearsal and a last-minute reminder in reducing the magnitude of deviations from an important safety rule by qualified, but relatively inexperienced pilots, specifically, remaining above an altitude of 500-ft. A single rehearsal flight entailing a search for a target on the ground increased the minimum altitude in later flights, but this positive effect did not completely generalize when the target on the ground was changed. These results suggest that the rehearsal flight was encoded in a context-specific manner. The addition of an explicit, last minute reminder about the mandated minimum altitude just before each test flight failed to significantly alter the pilots' behavior. The results are discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical implications.
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