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Chi X, Yu Z, Lin R. BOB: Bayesian optimal design for biosimilar trials with co-primary endpoints. Stat Med 2022; 41:5319-5334. [PMID: 36127794 PMCID: PMC9588749 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For regulatory approval of a biosimilar product, extensive evaluations should be performed by rigorous clinical trials to establish the similarity between the reference product and the proposed biosimilar in terms of both efficacy and safety. Existing designs for biosimilar trials often use a single primary efficacy endpoint in trial monitoring, and then separately evaluate the safety of the biosimilar product in a secondary analysis at the trial completion. However, ignoring the safety endpoint and the correlation between safety and efficacy in trial monitoring may lead to a high false positive rate, or it may delay the termination of the trial when dissimilarity in safety is early detected. We propose a Bayesian optimal design for biosimilar trials by incorporating both safety and efficacy endpoints in a unified framework. Based on a Bayesian joint safety and efficacy model, we sequentially use a so-called Bayesian biosimilar probability to make go/no-go decisions. We calibrate the Bayesian design to maximize the statistical power while maintaining the frequentist type I error rate at the nominal level. We carry out extensive simulation studies to show that the design has desirable performance in terms of the false positive rate and the average sample size. We also apply the proposed design to a biosimilar trial evaluating a ranibizumab product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Chi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruitao Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
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2
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Loh GOK, Wong EYL, Tan YTF, Heng SC, Saaid M, Cheah KY, Mohd Sali ND, Damenthi N, Ng SSM, Ming LC, Peh KK. Fast and Sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Etoricoxib Quantification in Human Plasma and Application to Bioequivalence Study. Molecules 2022; 27:5706. [PMID: 36080473 PMCID: PMC9457878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoricoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammation. The objective of the current study was to develop a sensitive, fast and high-throughput HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method to measure etoricoxib levels in human plasma using a one-step methanol protein precipitation technique. A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated in a positive mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were used for data collection. The quantitative MRM transition ions were m/z 359.15 > 279.10 and m/z 363.10 > 282.10 for etoricoxib and IS. The linear range was from 10.00 to 4000.39 ng/mL and the validation parameters were within the acceptance limits of the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Analysis (FDA) guidelines. The present method was sensitive (10.00 ng/mL with S/N > 40), simple, selective (K prime > 2), and fast (short run time of 2 min), with negligible matrix effect and consistent recovery, suitable for high throughput analysis. The method was used to quantitate etoricoxib plasma concentrations in a bioequivalence study of two 120 mg etoricoxib formulations. Incurred sample reanalysis results further supported that the method was robust and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Onn Kit Loh
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd. PMT 1241, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 8, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat 14100, Malaysia
| | - Emily Yii Ling Wong
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd. PMT 1241, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 8, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat 14100, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Tze Fung Tan
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd. PMT 1241, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 8, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat 14100, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chyee Heng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Saaid
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia
| | - Kit Yee Cheah
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Hospital Ampang, Ampang 68000, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Diyana Mohd Sali
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Hospital Ampang, Ampang 68000, Malaysia
| | - Nair Damenthi
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Hospital Ampang, Ampang 68000, Malaysia
| | - Sharon Shi Min Ng
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Hospital Ampang, Ampang 68000, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Kok Khiang Peh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia
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3
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Park J, Kang SH. The determination of biosimilarity margin and the assessment of biosimilarity for an (m+1)-arm parallel design. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2020.1749664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Park
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chen CT, Tsou HH, Hsiao CF, Lai YH, Chang WJ, Liu JT. A Tolerance Interval Approach to Assessing the Biosimilarity of Follow-On Biologics. Stat Biopharm Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2017.1323669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tian Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Fu Hsiao
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Clinical Trial Statistics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lai
- Software Design Center, Foxconn International Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jung-Tzu Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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5
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Ahmed S, Xiong J, Song T, Chen P, Cao J, He Q. Evaluation of Bioequivalence of Two Long-Acting 20% Oxytetracycline Formulations in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:61. [PMID: 28507991 PMCID: PMC5410648 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the bioequivalence of long-acting oxytetracycline in two formulations, a reference formulation (Terramycin 20% LA, Pfizer) and a test one (Kangtekang 20% LA, Huishen). Both formulations were administered intramuscularly at 20 mg/kg body weight at each of 24 healthy animals during a two-period crossover parallel experimental design. The oxytetracycline (OTC) concentrations in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the limit of quantification was 0.05 µg/ml with a recovery ratio of above 90%. Moreover, the descriptive pharmacokinetics parameters (Cmax, AUC0-144h, and AUC0-∞) were calculated and compared under analysis of variance, and 90% confidence interval (CI) were compared, except for Tmax analyzed by non-parametric tests based on Wilcoxons's signed rank test. The comparison results of Cmax, AUC0-144h, AUC0-∞, and Tmax were 5.066 ± 0.486, 5.071 ± 0.877 µg/ml, 118.926 ± 13.259, 126.179 ± 17.390 µg h/ml, 123.087 ± 13.906, 130.732 ± 18.562 µg h/ml, 0.740 ± 0.278, 0.650 ± 0.258 h, respectively, and did not reveal any significant differences. In addition, 90% CIs of these ratios for reference and test product were within an interval of 80-125%, and the relative bioavailability of test one was (94.291 ± 15.287)%. Therefore, it has been concluded that test OTC was bioequivalent to the reference formulation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Song
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
A biosimilar is highly similar to a licensed biological product and has no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference (originator) product in terms of safety, purity, and potency and is approved under specific regulatory approval processes. Because both the originator and the potential biosimilar are large and structurally complex proteins, biosimilars are not generic equivalents of the originator. Thus, the regulatory approach for a small-molecule generic is not appropriate for a potential biosimilar. As a result, different study designs and statistical approaches are used in the assessment of a potential biosimilar. This review covers concepts and terminology used in statistical analyses in the clinical development of biosimilars so that clinicians can understand how similarity is evaluated. This should allow the clinician to understand the statistical considerations in biosimilar clinical trials and make informed prescribing decisions when an approved biosimilar is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Isakov
- Biotechnology Clinical Development Statistics, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Bo Jin
- Biotechnology Clinical Development Statistics, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Ira Allen Jacobs
- Global Established Pharma Medicines Development Group, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY
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7
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Kang SH, Shin W. Statistical Assessment of Biosimilarity based on the Relative Distance between Follow-on Biologics in the (k+ 1)-Arm Parallel Design. COMMUNICATIONS FOR STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS AND METHODS 2015. [DOI: 10.5351/csam.2015.22.6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shin
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Korea
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8
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Socinski MA, Curigliano G, Jacobs I, Gumbiner B, MacDonald J, Thomas D. Clinical considerations for the development of biosimilars in oncology. MAbs 2015; 7:286-93. [PMID: 25621390 PMCID: PMC4623533 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite availability of biologic therapies, limited patient access to many of the most-effective cancer treatments affects overall health outcomes. To address this issue, many governments have enacted legislation for the approval of biosimilars. The term "biosimilar" refers to a biologic product that is developed to be highly similar, as opposed to identical, to a licensed biologic product (the reference or innovator product), such that, per US Food and Drug administration draft guidelines, "no clinically meaningful differences [exist] between the biological product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency." This article presents some considerations about the development of biosimilars in cancer treatment through an overview of biosimilars from a clinical perspective. Topics covered include the development requirements and unique regulatory requirements for biosimilars, labeling considerations, potential limitations to the uptake of biosimilars, and review of some biosimilars in development for oncology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics; European Institute of Oncology; Milan, Italy
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9
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Shin W, Kang SH. Statistical assessment of biosimilarity based on the relative distance between follow-on biologics for binary endpoints. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 26:227-39. [PMID: 25372220 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.979195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new three-arm parallel design was recently proposed to investigate the biosimilarity between a biological product and a reference product by using the relative distance. The purpose of this article is to extend their results to binary endpoints for three popular metrics: the risk difference, the log relative risk, and the log odds ratio. The relative distances based on the three metrics are defined, and corresponding test procedures are developed. The type I error rates and powers are investigated theoretically and empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Shin
- a Department of Applied Statistics , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Kang
- a Department of Applied Statistics , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea
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10
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Zhang N, Yang J, Chow SC, Chi E. Nonparametric Tests for Evaluation of Biosimilarity in Variability of Follow-on Biologics. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 24:1239-53. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.941991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Shein-Chung Chow
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Chi
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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11
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Yang LY, Lai CH. Estimation and Approximation Approaches for Biosimilar Index Based on Reproducibility Probability. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 24:1298-311. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.941989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Yan Yang
- Biostatistics and Informatics Unit, Clinical Trial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Clinical Trial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chyong-Huey Lai
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Chiu ST, Liu JP, Chow SC. Applications of the Bayesian Prior Information to Evaluation of Equivalence of Similar Biological Medicinal Products. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 24:1254-63. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.941982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Chiu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jen-Pei Liu
- Division of Biometry, Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
The most widely used design for a Phase III comparative study for demonstrating the biosimilarity between a biosimilar product and a renovator biological product is the equivalence trial, whose aim is to show that the difference between two population means of a primary endpoint is less than a prespecified equivalence margin. A well-known sample size formula for the equivalence trial is given by [Formula: see text] Since this formula is obtained based on the approximate power rather than the exact power, we investigate in this article the accuracy of the sample size formula. We conclude that the sample size formula is very conservative. Specifically, we show that the exact power based on the sample size calculated from the formula to have power [Formula: see text] is actually [Formula: see text] under some conditions. Therefore, the use of the sample size formula may cause a huge extra cost to biotechnology companies. We propose that the sample size should be calculated based on the exact power precisely and numerically. The R code to calculate the sample size numerically is provided in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Kang
- a Department of Applied Statistics , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea
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14
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Tsou HH, Chang WJ, Hwang WS, Lai YH. A Consistency Approach for Evaluation of Biosimilar Products. J Biopharm Stat 2013; 23:1054-66. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2013.813518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- a Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- a Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Wong-Shian Hwang
- a Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lai
- a Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
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15
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Chow SC. Assessing biosimilarity and interchangeability of biosimilar products. Stat Med 2013; 32:361-3. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang N, Yang J, Chow SC, Endrenyi L, Chi E. Impact of variability on the choice of biosimilarity limits in assessing follow-on biologics. Stat Med 2012; 32:424-33. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Yang
- Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks CA U.S.A
| | | | - Laszlo Endrenyi
- University of Toronto Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Chi
- Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks CA U.S.A
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17
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Yang J, Zhang N, Chow SC, Chi E. An adaptedF-test for homogeneity of variability in follow-on biological products. Stat Med 2012; 32:415-23. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks; CA; U.S.A
| | - Nan Zhang
- Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks; CA; U.S.A
| | | | - Eric Chi
- Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks; CA; U.S.A
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18
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Lin JR, Chow SC, Chang CH, Lin YC, Liu JP. Application of the parallel line assay to assessment of biosimilar products based on binary endpoints. Stat Med 2012; 32:449-61. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Rung Lin
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan; Taiwan
| | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham; NC; U.S.A
| | - Chih-Hsi Chang
- Center for Disease Control, Department of Health; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lin
- Statistics Education Center; National Taiwan University; Taipei; Taiwan
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19
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Chow SC, Endrenyi L, Lachenbruch PA. Comments on the FDA draft guidance on biosimilar products. Stat Med 2012; 32:364-9. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hsieh TC, Chow SC, Yang LY, Chi E. The evaluation of biosimilarity index based on reproducibility probability for assessing follow-on biologics. Stat Med 2012; 32:406-14. [PMID: 22899403 DOI: 10.1002/sim.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unlike small molecule drug products, biological products are therapeutic agents producted using of a living system or organism. Thus, the development of biologic products is a very different and complicated process that is sensitive to environmental factors such as light and temperature. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of follow-on biologic products may not be equivalent to the innovative products even though the average biosimilarity has been established. Thus, Chow et al. suggested that the assessment of biosimilarity between biologic products should be conducted on the basis of variability in 2010. In this article, we propose a biosimilar index that is derived on the basis of estimated reproducibility probability approach and Bayesian approach, respectively. We conducted simulation studies to empirically investigate the relationship of reproducibility probability under various parameter combinations. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method based on biosimilar index can reflect the characteristics and impact of variability on the therapeutic effect of biologic products.
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21
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Kang SH, Nam JS. Statistical Consideration of the Development of Biosimilar Products. KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.5351/kjas.2012.25.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Miletich J, Eich G, Grampp G, Mounho B. Biosimilars 2.0: guiding principles for a global "patients first" standard. MAbs 2011; 3:318-25. [PMID: 21512318 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.3.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the European Union, biosimilar products have been approved since 2006 under an abbreviated pathway that leverages their similarity to an existing "reference" biological product. The products approved to date are based on recombinant versions of endogenous proteins with well-understood structures and pharmacology, but complicated safety and immunogenicity profiles. The period during the 2000s that included the first reviews, approvals, sale and use of biosimilars, is referred to herein as "Biosimilars 1.0." Over the next several years, a new and advanced tranche of biosimilars will be developed for complex reference products, including medicines used in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. A global market for biosimilars is developing, and this may well foreshadow the beginning of the second era of product development. This Biosimilars 2.0 period will likely be characterized by the development of complex products, global harmonization of standards, and the increasing demand for long-term monitoring of pharmaceuticals. The products developed in this period should exhibit high levels of fidelity to the reference products and should be rigorously evaluated in analytical, non-clinical and clinical comparisons. Additionally, Biosimilars 2.0 manufacturers should strive for transparency in their labels and take proactive strides to be accountable to providers and patients for the quality of their products. An important opportunity now exists for the healthcare community, industry and regulators to work in partnership to outline the appropriate standards for these products to facilitate increased access while meeting patients' needs.
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