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Levine M. Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:616815. [PMID: 33937184 PMCID: PMC8085505 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.616815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of pesticides in real-world environments is a high priority for a broad range of applications, including in areas of public health, environmental remediation, and agricultural sustainability. While many methods for pesticide detection currently exist, the use of supramolecular fluorescence-based methods has significant practical advantages. Herein, we will review the use of fluorescence-based pesticide detection methods, with a particular focus on supramolecular chemistry-based methods. Illustrative examples that show how such methods have achieved success in real-world environments are also included, as are areas highlighted for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Levine
- Ariel University, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel, Israel
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2
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Influence of Culture Conditions on the Bioreduction of Organic Acids to Alcohols by Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010162. [PMID: 33445711 PMCID: PMC7828175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter species have recently been observed to reduce carboxylic acids to their corresponding alcohols. The present investigation shows that Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus converts C2-C6 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to their corresponding alcohols in the presence of glucose. The conversion yields varied from 21% of 3-methyl-1-butyrate to 57.9% of 1-pentanoate being converted to their corresponding alcohols. Slightly acidic culture conditions (pH 6.5) was optimal for the reduction. By increasing the initial glucose concentration, an increase in the conversion of SCFAs reduced to their corresponding alcohols was observed. Inhibitory experiments on C2-C8 alcohols showed that C4 and higher alcohols are inhibitory to T. pseudoethanolicus suggesting that other culture modes may be necessary to improve the amount of fatty acids reduced to the analogous alcohol. The reduction of SCFAs to their corresponding alcohols was further demonstrated using 13C-labelled fatty acids and the conversion was followed kinetically. Finally, increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde oxidation activity was observed in cultures of T. pseudoethanolicus grown on glucose as compared to glucose supplemented with either 3-methyl-1-butyrate or pentanoate, using both NADH and NADPH as cofactors, although the presence of the latter showed higher ADH and aldehyde oxidoreductase (ALDH) activity.
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Levine M, Smith BR. Enhanced Characterization of Pyrene Binding in Mixed Cyclodextrin Systems via Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1015-1023. [PMID: 32607736 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although significant effort has been expended to analyze the binding of pyrene in β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin, little has been published on the binding of this guest in β-cyclodextrin derivatives (methyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) or in mixtures of such derivatives, despite the fact that these derivatives are known to have different supramolecular properties that facilitate unique modes of complexation. Reported herein is a detailed spectroscopic investigation of the binding of pyrene in β-cyclodextrin derivatives and in binary mixtures of cyclodextrins. Py values, defined as the ratio of representative vibronic bands in the fluorescence emission of pyrene, were used to measure changes in the pyrene microenvironment in the presence of the cyclodextrin hosts, and indicated that unmodified β-cyclodextrin is unique in providing a fully hydrophobic environment for pyrene through the use of two cyclodextrins to bind a single pyrene guest. By comparison, both γ-cyclodextrin and modified β-cyclodextrin analogues bind pyrene in a less hydrophobic environment through 1:1 binding stoichiometries that allow for continued interactions between the incompletely encapsulated pyrene guest and the aqueous solvent system. Binary mixtures of cyclodextrins were also explored and reinforce the unique properties of the unmodified β-cyclodextrin host. Graphical Abstract The unique binding geometries of pyrene in beta-cyclodextrin and its derivatives leads to measurable fluorescence emission signals, whose information can be used to elucidate the highly structurally dependent binding geometries and stoichiometries.
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Haynes A, Halpert P, Levine M. Colorimetric Detection of Aliphatic Alcohols in β-Cyclodextrin Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18361-18369. [PMID: 31720538 PMCID: PMC6844157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive, selective, and practical detection of aliphatic alcohols is a continuing technical challenge with significant impact in public health research and environmental remediation efforts. Reported herein is the use of a β-cyclodextrin derivative to promote proximity-induced interactions between aliphatic alcohol analytes and a brightly colored organic dye, which resulted in highly analyte-specific color changes that enabled accurate alcohol identification. Linear discriminant analysis of the color changes enabled 100% differentiation of the colorimetric signals obtained from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol in combination with BODIPY and Rhodamine dyes. The resulting solution-state detection system has significant broad-based applicability because it uses only easily available materials to achieve such detection with moderate limits of detection obtained. Future research with this sensor system will focus on decreasing limits of detection as well as on optimizing the system for quantitative detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haynes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Priva Halpert
- Stella
K. Abraham High School for Girls, 291 Meadowview Ave, Hewlett, New York 11557, United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Joan M. Racicot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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DiScenza DJ, Lynch J, Verderame M, Smith MA, Levine M. Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection of Aromatic Toxicants and Toxicant Metabolites in Commercial Milk Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018; 11:2419-2430. [PMID: 30288206 PMCID: PMC6166478 DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites in food and in agricultural sources is an important research objective due to the PAHs' known persistence, carcinogenicity, and toxicity. PAHs have been found in the milk of lactating cows, and in the leaves and stems of plants grown in PAH-contaminated areas, thereby making their way into both cow milk and plant milk alternatives. Reported herein is the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of 10 PAHs and PAH metabolites in a variety of cow milks and plant milk alternatives using fluorescence energy transfer from the PAH to a high quantum yield fluorophore, combined with subsequent array-based statistical analyses of the fluorescence emission signals. This system operates with high sensitivity (low micromolar detection limits), selectivity (100% differentiation even between structurally similar analytes), and general applicability (for both unmodified lipophilic PAHs and highly polar oxidized PAH metabolites, as well as for different cow and plant milk samples). These promising results show significant potential to be translated into solid-state devices for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of PAHs and their metabolites in complex, commercial food products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881 ; 401-874-4243
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DiScenza DJ, Smith MA, Intravaia LE, Levine M. Efficient Detection of Phthalate Esters in Human Saliva via Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1471086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana J. DiScenza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melissa A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Chaudhuri S, Verderame M, Mako TL, Bandara YMNDY, Fernando AI, Levine M. Synthetic β‐Cyclodextrin Dimers for Squaraine Binding: Effect of Host Architecture on Photophysical Properties, Aggregate Formation and Chemical Reactivity. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sauradip Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road 02881 Kingston RI USA
| | - Molly Verderame
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road 02881 Kingston RI USA
| | - Teresa L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road 02881 Kingston RI USA
| | | | - Ashvin I. Fernando
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road 02881 Kingston RI USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road 02881 Kingston RI USA
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DiScenza DJ, Lynch J, Miller J, Verderame M, Levine M. Detection of Organochlorine Pesticides in Contaminated Marine Environments via Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Modulation. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8591-8599. [PMID: 30023587 PMCID: PMC6044669 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of practical and robust detection methods for pesticides is an important research objective owing to the known toxicity, carcinogenicity, and environmental persistence of these compounds. Pesticides have been found in bodies of water that are located near areas where pesticides are commonly used and easily spread to beaches, lakes, and rivers; affect the species living in those waterways; and harm humans who come into contact with or eat fish from such water. Reported herein is the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of four organochlorine pesticides in a variety of water sources across the state of Rhode Island using cyclodextrin-promoted fluorescence detection. This method relies on the ability of cyclodextrin to promote analyte-specific fluorescence modulation of a high quantum yield fluorophore when a pesticide is in close proximity, combined with subsequent array-based statistical analyses of the measurable changes in the emission signals. This system operates with high sensitivity (low micromolar detection limits), selectivity (100% differentiation between structurally similar analytes), and general applicability (for different water samples with varying salinity and pH as well as for different water temperatures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J. DiScenza
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rhode Island, 140
Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United
States
| | - Julie Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rhode Island, 140
Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United
States
| | - Jasmine Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rhode Island, 140
Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United
States
| | - Molly Verderame
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rhode Island, 140
Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United
States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rhode Island, 140
Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United
States
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Towards Rational Chemosensor Design through Improved Understanding of Experimental Parameter Variation and Tolerance in Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed a highly efficient fluorescence-based toxicant-detection method that operates in complex environments to detect aromatic toxicants and toxicant metabolites with high sensitivity and selectivity. This method relies on the ability of γ-cyclodextrin to act as a supramolecular scaffold, and uses a variety of non-covalent interactions between the cyclodextrin, toxicant, and fluorophore to enable efficient detection. Reported herein is an investigation of the effect of various experimental parameters, including host concentration, temperature, pH, salt, and solvent, on the observed energy-transfer efficiencies. These results advance our understanding of γ-cyclodextrin-based association complexes and provide crucial information for the development of fluorescence-based sensors using such complexation and the resultant fluorescence-based detection.
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Babusca D, Benchea AC, Dimitriu DG, Dorohoi DO. Spectral and Quantum Mechanical Characterization of 3-(2-Benzothiazolyl)-7-(Diethylamino) Coumarin (Coumarin 6) in Binary Solution. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1300589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Babusca
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
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Tamgho IS, Chaudhuri S, Verderame M, DiScenza DJ, Levine M. A highly versatile fluorenone-based macrocycle for the sensitive detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fluoride anions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the high yielding synthesis of a new fluorenone-based triazolophane and its sensing capabilities for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fluoride anions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Verderame
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rhode Island
- Kingston
- USA
| | | | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rhode Island
- Kingston
- USA
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