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Kuppadakkath G, Jayabhavan SS, Damodaran KK. Supramolecular Gels Based on C3-Symmetric Amides: Application in Anion-Sensing and Removal of Dyes from Water. Molecules 2024; 29:2149. [PMID: 38731640 PMCID: PMC11085098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We modified C3-symmetric benzene-1,3,5-tris-amide (BTA) by introducing flexible linkers in order to generate an N-centered BTA (N-BTA) molecule. The N-BTA compound formed gels in alcohols and aqueous mixtures of high-polar solvents. Rheological studies showed that the DMSO/water (1:1, v/v) gels were mechanically stronger compared to other gels, and a similar trend was observed for thermal stability. Powder X-ray analysis of the xerogel obtained from various aqueous gels revealed that the packing modes of the gelators in these systems were similar. The stimuli-responsive properties of the N-BTA towards sodium/potassium salts indicated that the gel network collapsed in the presence of more nucleophilic anions such as cyanide, fluoride, and chloride salts at the MGC, but the gel network was intact when in contact with nitrate, sulphate, acetate, bromide, and iodide salts, indicating the anion-responsive properties of N-BTA gels. Anion-induced gel formation was observed for less nucleophilic anions below the MGC of N-BTA. The ability of N-BTA gels to act as an adsorbent for hazardous anionic and cationic dyes in water was evaluated. The results indicated that the ethanolic gels of N-BTA successfully absorbed methylene blue and methyl orange dyes from water. This work demonstrates the potential of the N-BTA gelator to act as a stimuli-responsive material and a promising candidate for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna K. Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Veronese E, Pigliacelli C, Bergamaschi G, Terraneo G, Dichiarante V, Metrangolo P. Acid⋅⋅⋅Amide Supramolecular Synthon for Tuning Amino Acid-Based Hydrogels' Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301743. [PMID: 37435732 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels formed by the self-assembly of N-Fmoc-l-phenylalanine derivatives are gaining relevance for several applications in the materials and biomedical fields. In the challenging attempt to predict or tune their properties, we selected Fmoc-pentafluorophenylalanine (1) as a model efficient gelator, and studied its self-assembly in the presence of benzamide (2), a non-gelator able to form strong hydrogen bonds with the amino acid carboxylic group. Equimolar mixtures of 1 and 2 in organic solvents afforded a 1 : 1 co-crystal thanks to the formation of an acid⋅⋅⋅amide heterodimeric supramolecular synthon. The same synthon occurred in the transparent gels formed by mixing the two components in 1 : 1 ratio in aqueous media, as revealed by structural, spectroscopic, and thermal characterizations performed on both the co-crystal powder and the lyophilized hydrogel. These findings revealed the possibility of modulating the properties of amino acid-based hydrogels by involving the gelator in the formation of a co-crystal. Such a crystal engineering-based approach is shown also to be useful for the time-delayed release of suitable bioactive molecules, when involved as hydrogel coformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Veronese
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pigliacelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Dichiarante
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
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Sudhakaran Jayabhavan S, Kuppadakkath G, Damodaran KK. The Role of Functional Groups in Tuning the Self-Assembly Modes and Physical Properties of Multicomponent Gels. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300302. [PMID: 37407430 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the nature and role of functional groups on the self-assembly modes and the physical properties of multicomponent gels with structurally similar individual components. The gelation properties of individual and mixed enantiomeric compounds of biphenyl bis-(amides) of alanine (BPA) or phenylalanine (BPP) methyl ester were analyzed in various solvent/solvent mixtures. Multicomponent gels were formed by mixing the enantiomeric BPP compounds at a lower concentration, but a higher concentration was required for mixed alanine-based BPA gels. The comparison of the mechanical strength of the individual and mixed BPP compounds indicated that the mixed BPP gels displayed enhanced mechanical strength (∼2-fold increase) in p-xylene, but a weaker gel was observed in DMSO/water. However, a reverse trend was observed for BPA gels, indicating the role of functional groups in the gel network formation. X-ray diffraction analysis of the gelator and the xerogels in the solid state confirmed the formation of co-assembled networks in mixed enantiomeric gels. The stability of the gels towards anions was evaluated by analyzing the anion induced stimuli-responsive properties. These results indicate the effective modeling of the functional groups of the individual components could lead to multicomponent gels with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna K Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Liu Z, Zhao X, Chu Q, Feng Y. Recent Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Metallogels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052274. [PMID: 36903517 PMCID: PMC10005064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, stimuli-responsive supramolecular gels have received significant attention because their properties can be modulated through external stimuli such as heat, light, electricity, magnetic fields, mechanical stress, pH, ions, chemicals and enzymes. Among these gels, stimuli-responsive supramolecular metallogels have shown promising applications in material science because of their fascinating redox, optical, electronic and magnetic properties. In this review, research progress on stimuli-responsive supramolecular metallogels in recent years is systematically summarized. According to external stimulus sources, stimuli-responsive supramolecular metallogels, including chemical, physical and multiple stimuli-responsive metallogels, are discussed separately. Moreover, challenges, suggestions and opportunities regarding the development of novel stimuli-responsive metallogels are presented. We believe the knowledge and inspiration gained from this review will deepen the current understanding of stimuli-responsive smart metallogels and encourage more scientists to provide valuable contributions to this topic in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Qingkai Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
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Stimuli-Responsive Properties of Supramolecular Gels Based on Pyridyl- N-oxide Amides. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020089. [PMID: 36826259 PMCID: PMC9956205 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of functional groups and their relative position and orientation play an important role in tuning the gelation properties of stimuli-responsive supramolecular gels. In this work, we synthesized and characterized mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)nicotinamide (L1-L3). The gelation properties of these N-oxide compounds were compared with the reported isomeric counterpart mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide. Hydrogels obtained with L1 and L3 were thermally and mechanically more stable than the corresponding isomeric counterparts. The surface morphology of the xerogels of di-N-oxides (L3 and diNO) obtained from the water was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the relative position of N-oxide moieties did not have a prominent effect on the gel morphology. The solid-state structural analysis was performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to understand the key mechanism in gel formation. The versatile nature of N-oxide moieties makes these gels highly responsive toward an external stimulus, and the stimuli-responsive behavior of the gels in water and aqueous mixtures was studied in the presence of various salts. We studied the effect of various salts on the gelation behavior of the hydrogels, and the results indicated that the salts could induce gelation in L1 and L3 below the minimum gelator concentration of the gelators. The mechanical properties were evaluated by rheological experiments, indicating that the modified compounds displayed enhanced gel strength in most cases. Interestingly, cadmium chloride formed supergelator at a very low concentration (0.7 wt% of L3), and robust hydrogels were obtained at higher concentrations of L3. These results show that the relative position of N-oxide moieties is crucial for the effective interaction of the gelator with salts/ions resulting in LMWGs with tunable properties.
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Pradhan MK, Gupta D, Namdev KR, Miglani C, Pal A, Srivastava A. Anion-responsive self-assembled hydrogels of a phenylalanine-TREN conjugate allow sequential release of propranolol and doxorubicin. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15079-15090. [PMID: 36200975 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive self-assembled and supramolecular hydrogels derived from peptide amphiphiles have opened exciting new avenues in biomedicine and drug delivery. Herein, we screened a series of phenylalanine-amphiphiles possessing polyamine and oxyethylene appendages for their self-assembly and anion-responsiveness and found that the tris(aminoethyl)amine (TREN) containing amphiphile NapF-TREN formed injectable hydrogels that could be disrupted upon the addition of stoichiometric amounts of tetrahedral monovalent anions such as H2PO4- and HSO4-, while the addition of other anions such as Cl-, HPO42-, CO32-, HCO3- or SO42- did not affect the gel stability. The anion-gelator interaction was investigated by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy as well as by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). These studies confirmed a 1 : 1 stoichiometry and revealed negative enthalpy and negative entropy for the binding of H2PO4- with NapF-TREN. Microscopic investigations by TEM, AFM, and SAXS revealed that H2PO4- anions induced a nanofiber-to-nanoglobule morphological change in the aqueous self-assemblies of NapF-TREN. However, upon ageing the samples, slow reformation of the nanofibers was also observed, reflecting the reversibility of the anion-gelator interaction. The anion- and pH-responsive nature of the NapF-TREN hydrogels was exploited to program sequential release of entrapped drugs propranolol and doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal-462066, India.
| | - Deepika Gupta
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Kavthekar Rupesh Namdev
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal-462066, India.
| | - Chirag Miglani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Asish Pal
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal-462066, India.
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Panja S. Dosimetric gelator probes and their application as sensors. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sudhakaran Jayabhavan S, Ghosh D, Damodaran KK. Making and Breaking of Gels: Stimuli-Responsive Properties of Bis(Pyridyl- N-oxide Urea) Gelators. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216420. [PMID: 34770831 PMCID: PMC8587056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural modification of existing supramolecular architecture is an efficient strategy to design and synthesize supramolecular gels with tunable and predictable properties. In this work, we have modified bis(pyridyl urea) compounds with different linkers, namely hexylene and butylene, to their corresponding bis(pyridyl-N-oxide urea). The gelation properties of both the parent and the modified compounds were studied, and the results indicated that modification of the 3-pyridyl moieties to the corresponding 3-pyridyl-N-oxides induced hydrogelation. The stability of the parent and modified compounds were evaluated by sol-gel transition temperature (Tgel) and rheological measurements, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the solid-state interactions of the gelators. The morphologies of the dried gels were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the structural modification did not induce any prominent effect on the gel morphology. The stimuli-responsive behavior of these gels in the presence of salts in DMSO/water was evaluated by rheological experiments, which indicated that the modified compounds displayed enhanced gel strength in most cases. However, the gel network collapsed in the presence of the chloride salts of aluminum(III), zinc(II), copper(II), and cadmium(II). The mechanical strength of the parent gels decreased in the presence of salts, indicating that the structural modification resulted in robust gels in most cases. The modified compounds formed gels below minimum gel concentration in the presence of various salts, indicating salt-induced gelation. These results show the making and breaking ability of the gel network in the presence of external stimuli (salts), which explains the potential of using LMWGs based on N-oxide moieties as stimuli-responsive materials.
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Solid-State Structural Transformation and Photoluminescence Properties of Supramolecular Coordination Compounds. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of strong coordination bonds and hydrogen bonding interactions were used to generate a series of supramolecular coordination materials (SCMs), which was achieved by reacting a bis-pyridyl amide ligand, namely N-(4-pyridyl)nicotinamide (4PNA) with copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II) benzoates. The SCMs were structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction and the key intermolecular interactions were identified via Hirshfeld surface analysis. The role of solvent molecules on the supramolecular architecture was analyzed by synthesizing the SCMs in different solvents/solvent mixtures. A solvent-mediated solid-state structural transformation was observed in copper(II) SCMs and we were able to isolate the intermediate form of the crystal-to-crystal transformation process. The luminescence experiments revealed that complexation enhanced the fluorescence properties of 4PNA in the zinc(II) and cadmium(II) SCMs, but a reverse phenomenon was observed in the copper(II) SCMs. This work demonstrated the tuning of supramolecular assembly in coordination compounds as a function of solvents for generating SCMs with diverse properties.
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Tómasson DA, Ghosh D, Kurup MRP, Mulvee MT, Damodaran KK. Evaluating the role of a urea-like motif in enhancing the thermal and mechanical strength of supramolecular gels. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced thermal and mechanical strength in semicarbazone gels with a urea-like motif obtained by modifying the hydrogen bonding motif of the hydrazone compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Institute
- University of Iceland
- 107 Reykjavík
- Iceland
| | | | | | - Krishna K. Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Institute
- University of Iceland
- 107 Reykjavík
- Iceland
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Ghosh D, Bjornsson R, Damodaran KK. Role of N-Oxide Moieties in Tuning Supramolecular Gel-State Properties. Gels 2020; 6:gels6040041. [PMID: 33233596 PMCID: PMC7709621 DOI: 10.3390/gels6040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of specific interactions in the self-assembly process of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) was studied by altering the nonbonding interactions responsible for gel formation via structural modification of the gelator/nongelator. This was achieved by modifying pyridyl moieties of bis(pyridyl) urea-based hydrogelator (4–BPU) and the isomer (3–BPU) to pyridyl N–oxide compounds (L1 and L2, respectively). The modification of the functional groups resulted in the tuning of the gelation properties of the parent gelator, which induced/enhanced the gelation properties. The modified compounds displayed better mechanical and thermal stabilities and the introduction of the N–oxide moieties had a prominent effect on the morphologies of the gel network, which was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The effect of various interactions due to the introduction of N–oxide moieties in the gel network formation was analyzed by comparing the solid-state interactions of the compounds using single crystal X-ray diffraction and computational studies, which were correlated with the enhanced gelation properties. This study shows the importance of specific nonbonding interactions and the spatial arrangement of the functional groups in the supramolecular gel network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland;
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max–Planck–Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Campus de Stiftstrasse 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany;
| | - Krishna K. Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +354-552-8911
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