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Bright SA, Erby M, Poynton FE, Monteyne D, Pérez-Morga D, Gunnlaugsson T, Williams DC, Elmes RBP. Tracking the cellular uptake and phototoxicity of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base conjugates. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:344-359. [PMID: 38576718 PMCID: PMC10989513 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) complexes are attracting significant research attention as a promising class of photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Having previously reported the synthesis of two novel Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base compounds 1 and 2 with interesting photophysical properties, where the emission from either the Ru(ii) polypyridyl centres or the naphthalimide moieties could be used to monitor binding to nucleic acids, we sought to use these compounds to investigate further and in more detail their biological profiling, which included unravelling their mechanism of cellular uptake, cellular trafficking and cellular responses to photoexcitation. Here we demonstrate that these compounds undergo rapid time dependent uptake in HeLa cells that involved energy dependent, caveolae and lipid raft-dependent mediated endocytosis, as demonstrated by confocal imaging, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Following endocytosis, both compounds were shown to localise to mostly lysosomal and Golgi apparatus compartments with some accumulation in mitochondria but no localisation was found to the nucleus. Upon photoactivation, the compounds increased ROS production and induced ROS-dependent apoptotic cell death. The photo-activated compounds subsequently induced DNA damage and altered tubulin, but not actin structures, which was likely to be an indirect effect of ROS production and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of the compounds or the laser used to illuminate the cells, the mechanism of cell death could be changed from apoptosis to necrosis. This is the first detailed biological study of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl Tröger's bases and clearly suggests caveolae-dependent endocytosis is responsible for cell uptake - this may also explain the lack of nuclear uptake for these compounds and similar results observed for other Ru(ii)-polypyridyl complexes. These conjugates are potential candidates for further development as PDT agents and may also be useful in mechanistic studies on cell uptake and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - MariaLuisa Erby
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging CMMI Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland +353 1708 4615
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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Mohan B, Sarkar D, Raja Lakshmi P, Umadevi D, Shanmugaraju S. N-aryl-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's bases-based internal charge transfer (ICT) fluorescence ‘turn-on’ chemosensors for volatile organic amines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Kannan S, Maayuri R, Shanmugaraju S. Terpyridine-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide chemosensor for discriminative fluorescent sensing of divalent metal cations at ppb level of sensitivity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Kanzariya DB, Goswami R, Muthukumar D, Pillai RS, Pal TK. Highly Luminescent MOF and Its In Situ Fabricated Sustainable Corn Starch Gel Composite as a Fluoro-Switchable Reversible Sensor Triggered by Antibiotics and Oxo-Anions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48658-48674. [PMID: 36274222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Frequent use of antibiotics and the growth of industry lead to the pollution of several natural resources which is one of the major consequences for fatality to human health. Exploration of smart sensing materials is highly anticipated for ultrasensitive detection of those hazardous organics. The robust porous hydrogen bonded network encompassing a free-NH2 moiety, Zn(II)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) (1), is used for the selective detection of antibiotics and toxic oxo-anions at the ppb level. The framework is able to detect the electronically dissimilar antibiotic sulfadiazine and nitrofurazone via fluorescence "turn-on" and "turn-off" processes, respectively. The antibiotic-triggered reversible fluoro-switching phenomena (fluorescence "on-off-on") are also observed by using the fluorimetric method. An extensive theoretical investigation was performed to establish the fluoro-switching response of 1, triggered by a class of antibiotics and also the sensing of oxo-anions. This investigation reveals that the interchange of the HOMO-LUMO energy levels of fluorophore and analytes is responsible for such a fluoro-switchable sensing activity. Sensor 1 showed the versatile detection ability which is reflected by the detection of a carcinogenic nitro-group-containing drug "roxarsone". In view of the sustainable environment along with quick-responsive merit of 1, an in situ MOF gel composite (1@CS; CS = corn starch) is prepared using 1 and CS due to its useful potential features such as biocompatibility, toxicologically innocuous, good flexibility, and low commercial price. The MOF composite exhibited visual detection of the above analytes as well as antibiotic-triggered reversible fluoro-switchable colorimetric "on-off-on" response. Therefore, 1@CS represents a promising smart sensing material for monitoring of the antibiotics and oxo-anions, particularly appropriate for the real-field analysis of carcinogenic drug molecule "roxarsone" in food specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranadip Goswami
- Inorganic Materials & Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Devaraj Muthukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Renjith S Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Tapan K Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
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Mohan B, Estalayo-Adrián S, Umadevi D, la Cour Poulsen B, Blasco S, McManus GJ, Gunnlaugsson T, Shanmugaraju S. Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Studies of a p-Cymene-Ru(II)-Curcumin Organometallic Conjugate Based on a Fluorescent 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's Base Scaffold. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11592-11599. [PMID: 35857283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unique V-shaped "chiral" supramolecular scaffold, N-(4-pyridyl)-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base (TBNap), was synthesized in good yield from a precursor N-(4-pyridyl)-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (Nap). TBNap was characterized using different spectroscopic methods and the molecular structure was elucidated by diffraction analysis. A new p-cymene-Ru(II)-curcumin conjugate (TB-Ru-Cur) was designed by reacting TBNap dipyridyl donor and ruthenium-curcuminato acceptor [RuCur = (p-cymene)Ru-(curcuminato)Cl] in the presence of silver triflate. TB-Ru-Cur was isolated in quantitative yield and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), NMR (1H, 13C, and 19F), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the molecular structure has been predicted using a computational study. Both TBNap and TB-Ru-Cur exhibited intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based fluorescence emission. Furthermore, the anticancer properties of TBNap, Ru-Cur, and TB-Ru-Cur were assessed in different cancer cell lines. Gratifyingly, the conjugate TB-Ru-Cur displayed fast-cellular internalization and good cytotoxicity against HeLa, HCT-116, and HepG2 cancer cells and the estimated IC50 value was much lower than that of the precursors (TBNap and Ru-Cur) and the well-known chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binduja Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Deivasigamani Umadevi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Bjørn la Cour Poulsen
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
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A simple 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide hydrazine based “turn-on” fluorescent chemosensor for selective and reversible detection of Zn(II) ion. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shanmughan A, Raja Lakshmi P, Umadevi D, Shanmugaraju S. Discriminative fluorescent sensing of nitro-antibiotics at ppb level using N-phenyl-amino-1,8-naphthalimides chemosensors. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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CuO/CaO mediated synthesis of amino-1,8-naphthalimides from the nitro analogues. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Murphy SA, Phelan C, Shanmugaraju S, Blasco S, Gunnlaugsson T. Fluorescent 3-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger’s bases (3-amino-TBNaps) incorporating protected α-amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Murphy SA, Phelan CA, Veale EB, Kotova O, Comby S, Gunnlaugsson T. Fluorescent 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's bases (TBNaps) possessing (orthogonal) 'α-amino acids', esters and di-peptides and their solvent dependent photophysical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6817-6833. [PMID: 34308464 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of fifteen luminescent bis-naphthalimide based Tröger's bases (TBNaps) derived from 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (4-Amino-Nap) precursors is described; these scaffolds possess α-amino acids, esters or di-peptides conjugated at the imide site and show minor fluorescence in aqueous solution while being highly emissive in organic solvents. The investigation shows that these TBNaps possessing ICT excited state properties are capable of generating either positive or negative solvatochromic effects in response to changes in polarity and/or the hydrogen bonding capabilities of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Murphy
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Caroline A Phelan
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Emma B Veale
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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