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Challenges of using lipopolysaccharides for cancer immunotherapy and potential delivery-based solutions thereto. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:165-187. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the earliest Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based cancer immunotherapeutics discovered and investigated, the full extent of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentials within this arena remains hitherto unexploited. In this review, we will debate the challenges that have complicated the improvement of LPS-based immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer therapy. Based on their nature, those will be discussed with a focus on side effect-related, tolerance-related and in vivo model-related challenges. We will then explore how drug delivery strategies can be integrated within this domain to address such challenges in order to improve the therapeutic outcome, and will present a summary of the studies that have been dedicated thereto. This paper may inspire further developments based on reconciling the advantages of drug delivery and LPS-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Jesus S, Soares E, Cruz MT, Borges O. Exosomes as adjuvants for the recombinant hepatitis B antigen: First report. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:1-11. [PMID: 30287267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as key players for inter-cellular communication ultimately modulating the behavior of target cells with countless outcomes. Nevertheless, the potential role of exosomes as vaccine adjuvants remains largely unexplored. Herein, we hypothesized that exosomes derived from immune cells may have an immunostimulatory effect and could constitute a good target towards the development of new fine-tuned vaccine adjuvants. To accomplish this goal, exosomes isolated from lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS)-stimulated human monocytic cell line (THP-1) were characterized and tested for their non-specific immunostimulatory activity when administered subcutaneously to healthy mice; additionally, exosomes' vaccine adjuvant ability was also disclosed after their inclusion in vaccine formulations. The results obtained suggested that the isolated exosomes evoked a pro-inflammatory profile in spleen cells of healthy mice through the induction of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5, also known as RANTES) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Moreover, subcutaneous vaccination of mice with exosomes combined with a solution of hepatitis B recombinant antigen (HBsAg) or combined with a suspension containing HBsAg loaded poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/chitosan nanoparticles (NPs), induced a humoral immune response quite similar to the one achieved with the experimental control group (HBsAg solution without exosomes). However, exosomes triggered an immunomodulator effect on the cellular immune response, highlighted by the enhancement of IFN-γ secretion. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first report describing extensively the role of unmodified exosomes as adjuvants and co-adjuvants for hepatitis B vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edna Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pawar VK, Singh Y, Sharma K, Shrivastav A, Sharma A, Singh A, Meher JG, Singh P, Raval K, Bora HK, Datta D, Lal J, Chourasia MK. Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Loaded Zymosan-Polyethylenimine Biopolymeric Nanoparticles for Dual 'Chemoimmunotherapeutic' Intervention in Breast Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1857-1871. [PMID: 28608139 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize nanoparticles produced by condensation of zymosan (an immunotherapeutic polysaccharide) with pegylated polyethylenimine (PEG-PEI) for dual intervention in breast cancer by modulating tumor microenvironment and direct chemotherapy. METHOD Positively charged PEG-PEI and negatively charged sulphated zymosan were utilized for electrostatic complexation of chemoimmunotherapeutic nanoparticles (ChiNPs). ChiNPs were loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for improved delivery at tumor site and were tested for in-vivo tolerability. Biodistribution studies were conducted to showcase their effective accumulation in tumor hypoxic regions where tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are preferentially recruited. RESULTS ChiNPs modulated TAMs differentiation resulting in decrement of CD206 positive population. This immunotherapeutic action was furnished by enhanced expression of Th1 specific cytokines. ChiNPs also facilitated an anti-angiogenetic effect which further reduces the possibility of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Pawar
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Yuvraj Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Arpita Shrivastav
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Jaya Gopal Meher
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kavit Raval
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Himangshu K Bora
- Laboratory Animals Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research,, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Vela Ramirez JE, Sharpe LA, Peppas NA. Current state and challenges in developing oral vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:116-131. [PMID: 28438674 PMCID: PMC6132247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While vaccination remains the most cost effective strategy for disease prevention, communicable diseases persist as the second leading cause of death worldwide. There is a need to design safe, novel vaccine delivery methods to protect against unaddressed and emerging diseases. Development of vaccines administered orally is preferable to traditional injection-based formulations for numerous reasons including improved safety and compliance, and easier manufacturing and administration. Additionally, the oral route enables stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses at both systemic and mucosal sites to establish broader and long-lasting protection. However, oral delivery is challenging, requiring formulations to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment and avoid tolerance induction to achieve effective protection. Here we address the rationale for oral vaccines, including key biological and physicochemical considerations for next-generation oral vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey A Sharpe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Balmert SC, Little SR. Biomimetic delivery with micro- and nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3757-78. [PMID: 22528985 PMCID: PMC3627374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The nascent field of biomimetic delivery with micro- and nanoparticles (MNP) has advanced considerably in recent years. Drawing inspiration from the ways that cells communicate in the body, several different modes of "delivery" (i.e., temporospatial presentation of biological signals) have been investigated in a number of therapeutic contexts. In particular, this review focuses on (1) controlled release formulations that deliver natural soluble factors with physiologically relevant temporal context, (2) presentation of surface-bound ligands to cells, with spatial organization of ligands ranging from isotropic to dynamically anisotropic, and (3) physical properties of particles, including size, shape and mechanical stiffness, which mimic those of natural cells. Importantly, the context provided by multimodal, or multifactor delivery represents a key element of most biomimetic MNP systems, a concept illustrated by an analogy to human interpersonal communication. Regulatory implications of increasingly sophisticated and "cell-like" biomimetic MNP systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Balmert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Demento SL, Siefert AL, Bandyopadhyay A, Sharp FA, Fahmy TM. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on biomaterials: a paradigm for engineering new vaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:294-306. [PMID: 21459467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit vaccines are often less immunogenic than whole pathogens; therefore, adjuvants must amplify the immune response, ideally establishing both innate and adaptive immunity. Incorporation of antigens into biomaterials, such as liposomes and polymers, can achieve a desired vaccine response. The physical properties of these platforms can be easily manipulated, thus allowing for controlled delivery of immunostimulatory factors and presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are targeted to specific immune cells. Targeting antigen to immune cells via PAMP-modified biomaterials is a new strategy to control the subsequent development of immunity and, in turn, effective vaccination. Here, we review the recent advances in both immunology and biomaterial engineering that have brought particulate-based vaccines to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Demento
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Keiser PB, Biggs-Cicatelli S, Moran EE, Schmiel DH, Pinto VB, Burden RE, Miller LB, Moon JE, Bowden RA, Cummings JF, Zollinger WD. A phase 1 study of a meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine made from a group B strain with deleted lpxL1 and synX, over-expressed factor H binding protein, two PorAs and stabilized OpcA expression. Vaccine 2011; 29:1413-20. [PMID: 21199704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This phase I clinical trial assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccine prepared from an lpxL1(-) synX(-) mutant of strain 8570(B:4:P1.19,15:L8-5) of Neisseria meningitidis. Additional mutations enhance the expression of factor H binding protein variant 1 (fHbp v.1), stabilize expression of OpcA and introduce a second PorA (P1.22,14). Thirty-six volunteers were assigned to one of four dose groups (10, 25, 50 and 75 mcg, based on protein content) to receive three intramuscular injections at six week intervals with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Specific local and systemic adverse events were solicited by diary and at visits on days 2, 7, and 14 after each vaccination. Blood chemistries, complete blood count, and coagulation studies were measured on each vaccination day and again 2 and 14 days later. Blood for ELISA and serum bactericidal assays was drawn two and six weeks after each vaccination. The proportion of volunteers who developed a fourfold or greater increase in bactericidal activity to the wild type parent of the vaccine strain at two weeks after the third dose was 27 out of 34 (0.79, 95% C.I. 0.65-0.93). Against four other group B strains the response rate ranged from 41% to 82% indicating a good cross reactive antibody response. Depletion assays show contributions to bactericidal activity from antibodies to lipooligosaccharide (LOS), fHbp v.1 and OpcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Keiser
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Hirschberg HJ, van de Wijdeven GG, Kraan H, Amorij JP, Kersten GF. Bioneedles as alternative delivery system for hepatitis B vaccine. J Control Release 2010; 147:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Advances in effective vaccine development against hepatitis B: focus on mucosal vaccine delivery strategies. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:397-410. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus causes chronic necroinflammatory liver disease, which is known as hepatitis B. This inflammatory condition may further aggravate liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently available conventional hepatitis B vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen, which develops a humoral immune response and hence protects against the infection. However, it fails in developing the desired cellular immune response, which is one of the most important bioresponses contributing to virus elimination from infected hepatocytes. At the same time, moderate humoral response developed following conventional vaccination do not protect the mucosal surfaces through serosal response. The mucosa is a predominant entry site for most of the infectious pathogens. Several strategies, including the use of adjuvants, development of surface functionalized novel antigen carriers and mucosal immunization for example, have been explored to investigate their role in addressing the limitations associated with the current hepatitis B vaccine. This review focuses on recent advances that have been made in order to develop an effective vaccine against hepatitis B.
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Coincorporation of LpxL1 and PagL mutant lipopolysaccharides into liposomes with Neisseria meningitidis opacity protein: influence on endotoxic and adjuvant activity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:487-95. [PMID: 20107001 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00423-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Neisseria meningitidis normally contains six acyl chains. Penta-acylated LPS forms were generated through inactivation of the lpxL1 gene or through the expression of the Bordetella bronchiseptica pagL gene in N. meningitidis. The resulting LPS species, designated LpxL1 LPS and PagL LPS, respectively, display reduced endotoxic activity compared to wild-type LPS. Here, we determined the adjuvant potential of PagL LPS by comparison with the broadly used LpxL1 LPS. We also investigated the potential benefit for adjuvanticity of coincorporating these LPS species, together with the meningococcal opacity-associated protein OpaJ as a model antigen, in a liposomal delivery system. PagL LPS showed a higher endotoxic activity than LpxL1 LPS, and their incorporation into liposomes significantly reduced their endotoxic activity as determined by measuring the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in a murine macrophage cell line. To determine the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized with OpaJ-containing liposomes and either free LPS or LPS coincorporated into the proteoliposomes. OpaJ-containing liposomes adjuvanted with AlPO(4) or not adjuvanted at all were included as control groups. In the appropriate dose, PagL LPS showed a superior adjuvant effect compared with LpxL1 LPS, and for both LPS types, free LPS showed a higher adjuvant effect than when coincorporated into the liposomes, as evidenced by higher titers of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies against OpaJ(+) meningococci and higher bactericidal titers. In conclusion, PagL LPS is a better adjuvant than LpxL1 LPS, but coincorporation of either LPS into proteoliposomes did not improve their adjuvant activity.
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