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Mitchell I, Qiu L, Lamb LD, Ding F. High Temperature Accelerated Stone-Wales Transformation and the Threshold Temperature of IPR-C 60 Formation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4548-4557. [PMID: 34032443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Stone-Wales bond rotation isomerization of nonicosahedral C60 (C2v-C60) into isolated-pentagon rule following icosahedral C60 (Ih-C60 or IPR-C60) is a limiting step in the synthesis of Ih-C60. However, extensive previous studies indicate that the potential energy barrier of the Stone-Wales bond rotation is between 6 and 8 eV, extremely high to allow for bond rotation at the temperatures used to produce fullerenes conventionally. This is also despite data indicating a possible fullerene road mechanism that necessitates low-temperature annealing. However, these previous investigations often have limiting factors, such as using the harmonic approximation to determine free energies at high temperatures or considering only the reverse Ih-C60 to C2v-C60 transition as a basis. Indeed, when the difference in energy between Ih-C60 and C2v-C60 is accounted for, this barrier is generally reduced by ∼1.5 eV. Thus, utilizing the recently developed density functional tight binding metadynamics (DFTB-MTD) interface, the effects of temperature on the bond rotation in the conversion of C2v-C60 to Ih-C60 have been investigated. We found that Stone-Wales bond rotations are complex processes with both in-plane and out-of-plane transition states, and which transition path dominates depends on temperature. Our results clearly show that at temperatures of 2000 K, the free energy for a C2v-C60 to Ih-C60 transition is only ∼4.21 eV and further reduces to ∼3.77 eV at 3000 K. This translates to transition times of ∼971 μs at 2000 K and ∼34 ns at 3000 K, indicating that defect healing is a fast process at temperatures typical of arc jet or laser ablation experiments. Conversely, below ∼2000 K, bond rotation becomes prohibitively slow, putting a lower threshold limit on the temperature of fullerene formation and subsequent annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaac Mitchell
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lowell D Lamb
- Broadcom Inc., 1320 Ridder Park Drive, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. High Temperature Chemistry of Chlorinated Acenaphthylene. 3C Bay Acetylene Additions and Annealing by Five-Membered Ring Shifts. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12767-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. McIntosh
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Douglas K. Russell
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Fernández I, Cossío FP, Sierra MA. Dyotropic Reactions: Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6687-711. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Kimika Organikoa I Saila—Departamento de Química Orgánica I, DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco—Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, P.K. 1072, 28080-San Sebastián Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Kimika Organikoa I Saila—Departamento de Química Orgánica I, DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco—Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, P.K. 1072, 28080-San Sebastián Donostia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Kimika Organikoa I Saila—Departamento de Química Orgánica I, DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco—Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, P.K. 1072, 28080-San Sebastián Donostia, Spain
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[Obar]sawa E, Slanina Z, Honda K, Zhao X. Stone-Wales Rearrangement as the Double Olefin-Carbene 1,2-CC Bond Shift. Denied Role of Triplet Biradicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641229809350199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji [Obar]sawa
- a Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering , Toyohashi University of Technology Tempaku-cho , Toyohashi, 441, Aichi-ken, Japan E-mail:
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- a Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering , Toyohashi University of Technology Tempaku-cho , Toyohashi, 441, Aichi-ken, Japan E-mail:
| | - Kazuhiko Honda
- a Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering , Toyohashi University of Technology Tempaku-cho , Toyohashi, 441, Aichi-ken, Japan E-mail:
| | - Xiang Zhao
- a Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering , Toyohashi University of Technology Tempaku-cho , Toyohashi, 441, Aichi-ken, Japan E-mail:
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Yumura T, Kertesz M, Iijima S. Local Modifications of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Induced by Bond Formation with Encapsulated Fullerenes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:1099-109. [PMID: 17266263 DOI: 10.1021/jp066508r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defected fullerenes in nanopeapods form bonds with the encapsulating single-walled carbon nanotubes when irradiated by an electron beam leading to changes in the guest (fullerene) and the host (nanotube). Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analysis based on B3LYP hybrid density functional theory shows that a C1-C59 defect with a single protruding C atom is initially formed from the C60(Ih) cage. The high activation energy for this step (8.37 eV (193.0 kcal/mol)), being assumed to be accessible during irradiation, is lower than that of the Stone-Wales rearrangement on the sp2 network. The binding of the defected fullerene to the nanotube is preferential, orthogonal bonds relative to the tube axis being slightly preferred. Because of the covalent bonds formed between the guest and host, the carbon network on the nanotube is locally perturbed in the vicinity of the binding site. As a result of the new bonds, bisnorcaradiene-like as well as quinonoid-like patterns appear near the binding site. These results are interpreted using orbital interaction and Clar diagram arguments. The changes in the bonding pattern on the nanotube should be significant in further functionalization of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yumura
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Carr JM, Trygubenko SA, Wales DJ. Finding pathways between distant local minima. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:234903. [PMID: 16008483 DOI: 10.1063/1.1931587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new algorithm for constructing pathways between local minima that involve a large number of intervening transition states on the potential energy surface. A significant improvement in efficiency has been achieved by changing the strategy for choosing successive pairs of local minima that serve as endpoints for the next search. We employ Dijkstra's algorithm [E. W. Dijkstra, Numer. Math. 1, 269 (1959)] to identify the "shortest" path corresponding to missing connections within an evolving database of local minima and the transition states that connect them. The metric employed to determine the shortest missing connection is a function of the minimized Euclidean distance. We present applications to the formation of buckminsterfullerene and to the folding of various biomolecules: the B1 domain of protein G, tryptophan zippers, and the villin headpiece subdomain. The corresponding pathways contain up to 163 transition states and will be used in future discrete path sampling calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Carr
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Bettinger HF, Yakobson BI, Scuseria GE. Scratching the surface of buckminsterfullerene: the barriers for Stone-Wales transformation through symmetric and asymmetric transition states. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:5572-80. [PMID: 12720471 DOI: 10.1021/ja0288744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
General-gradient approximation (PBE) and hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional theories (B3LYP) in conjunction with basis sets of up to polarized triple-zeta quality have been applied to study the Stone-Wales transformation of buckminsterfullerene (BF) to yield a C(60) isomer of C(2)(v) symmetry with two adjacent pentagons (#1809). In agreement with earlier investigations, two different transition states and reaction pathways could be identified for the rearrangement from BF to C(60)-C(2)(v) on the C(60) potential energy surface (PES). One has C(2) molecular point group symmetry with the two migrating carbon atoms remaining close to the fullerene surface. The other one has a high-energy carbene-like (sp(3)) structure where a single carbon atom is significantly moved away from the C(60) surface. The carbene intermediate and the second transition state along the stepwise reaction path characterized previously at lower levels of theory do not exist as stationary points with the density functionals utilized here. The classical barriers of both mechanisms are essentially identical, 6.9 eV using PBE and 7.3 eV with B3LYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger F Bettinger
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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