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Stotzky G. Influence of Soil Mineral Colloids on Metabolic Processes, Growth, Adhesion, and Ecology of Microbes and Viruses. SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub17.c10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Stotzky
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Dep. of Biology; New York University; New York NY 10003 USA
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Azarbad H, Niklińska M, Laskowski R, van Straalen NM, van Gestel CAM, Zhou J, He Z, Wen C, Röling WFM. Microbial community composition and functions are resilient to metal pollution along two forest soil gradients. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 91:1-11. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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References. ADV ECOL RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(05)38015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The fungitoxic effect of seven volatile substances (ammonia, carbon disulphide, petroleum benzene, carbon dioxide, methanol, glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) against five fungi, i.e. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Absidia corymbifera, Penicillium nigricans and Candida albicans, was determined on the basis of their dry mycelial weight and sporulation or budding activity. These organisms were isolated from patients suffering from fungal infections of the ear. All the volatile substances tested were found to inhibit mycelial growth and sporulation or budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jain
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dr H. S. Gour University, Sagar, India
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Laskowski R, Maryański M, Niklińska M. Effect of heavy metals and mineral nutrients on forest litter respiration rate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 84:97-102. [PMID: 15091730 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1992] [Accepted: 11/17/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two hypotheses were tested: (1) heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Cd can suppress the respiration rate of forest litter at low-moderate pollution levels, and (2) mineral nutrients such as K, Ca and Mg can counteract the toxicity of heavy metals when applied onto the polluted litter. In a completely randomised design, three doses of heavy metals were used: Cd-10, 50, 250; Pb-100, 500, 2500; Zn-200, 1000, 5000 microg/g dwt litter, respectively. For Ca, Mg and K, the doses corresponded to 100, 500 and 2500 microg/g. A significant decrease in cumulated CO2 evolution after 4 weeks of incubation was found for the litter samples treated with medium doses of Zn, Cd/Ca, Cd/Mg, Pb/Ca, Pb/Mg, Pb/K, Zn/Mg, Zn/Ca, Zn/K and for all the highest-dose treatments. The largest drop in respiration rate in both the medium and the highest doses was caused by additions of Zn either alone or in combination with K, Ca or Mg. The additions of mineral nutrients were found to decrease the litter respiration rate below the value measured for the respective heavy metal alone in the case of Cd/Ca, Cd/Mg, Pb/Ca, Pb/Mg and Pb/K in the medium-dose treatments, and for Cd/Ca, Cd/Mg, Cd/K, Pb/Ca and Pb/Mg in the highest-dose treatments. In all other cases, additions of the mineral nutrients did not influence the respiration rate significantly when compared to the effect of the respective heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laskowski
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Institute of Environmental Biology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL-30-060 Cracow, Poland
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Khallil AM, Abdel-Sater MA. Fungi from water, soil and air polluted by the industrial effluents of Manquabad superphosphate factory (Assiut, Egypt). J Basic Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620330204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Collins YE, Stotzky G. Heavy metals alter the electrokinetic properties of bacteria, yeasts, and clay minerals. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1592-600. [PMID: 1622229 PMCID: PMC195645 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.5.1592-1600.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrokinetic patterns of four bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Agrobacterium radiobacter), two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans), and two clay minerals (montmorillonite and kaolinite) in the presence of the chloride salts of the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and of Na and Mg were determined by microelectrophoresis. The cells and kaolinite were net negatively charged at pH values above their isoelectric points (pI) in the presence of Na, Mg, Hg, and Pb at an ionic strength (mu) of 3 x 10(-4); montmorillonite has no pI and was net negatively charged at all pH values in the presence of these metals. However, the charge of some bacteria, S. cerevisiae, and kaolinite changed to a net positive charge (charge reversal) in the presence of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn at pH values above 5.0 (the pH at which charge reversal occurred differed with the metal) and then, at higher pH values, again became negative. The charge of the bacteria and S. cerevisiae also reversed in solutions of Cu and Ni with a mu of greater than 3 x 10(-4), whereas there was no reversal in solutions with a mu of less than 3 x 10(-4). The clays became net positively charged when the mu of Cu was greater than 3 x 10(-4) and that of Ni was greater than 1.5 x 10(-4). The charge of the cells and clays also reversed in solutions containing both Mg and Ni or both Cu and Ni (except montmorillonite) but not in solutions containing both Mg and Cu (except kaolinite) (mu = 3 x 10(-4)). The pIs of the cells in the presence of the heavy metals were at either higher or lower pH values than in the presence of Na and Mg. Exposure of the cells to the various metals at pH values from 2 to 9 for the short times (ca. 10 min) required to measure the electrophoretic mobility did not affect their viability. The specific adsorption on the cells and clays of the hydrolyzed species of some of the heavy metals that formed at higher pH values was probably responsible for the charge reversal. These results suggest that the toxicity of some heavy metals to microorganisms varies with pH because the hydrolyzed speciation forms of these metals, which occur at higher pH values, bind on the cell surface and alter the net charge of the cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Collins
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, New York University 10003
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Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Phyllosphere Microbial Communities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3168-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Fenn ME, Dunn PH, Durall DM. Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Phyllosphere Fungi from Three Tree Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:412-8. [PMID: 16347849 PMCID: PMC184124 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.2.412-418.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term effects of ozone (O
3
) on phyllosphere fungi were studied by examining fungal populations from leaves of giant sequoia (
Sequoiadendron giganteum
(Lindl.) Buchholz) and California black oak (
Quercus kelloggii
Newb.). Chronic effects of both O
3
and sulfur dioxide (SO
2
) were studied by isolating fungi from leaves of mature Valencia orange (
Citrus sinensis
L.) trees. In this chronic-exposure experiment, mature orange trees were fumigated in open-top chambers at the University of California, Riverside, for 4 years with filtered air, ambient air plus filtered air (1:1), ambient air, or filtered air plus SO
2
at 9.3 parts per hundred million. Populations of
Alternaria alternata
(Fr.) Keissler and
Cladosporium cladosporioides
(Fres.) de Vries, two of the four most common fungi isolated from orange leaves, were significantly reduced by chronic exposure to ambient air. In the short-term experiments, seedlings of giant sequoia or California black oak were fumigated in open-top chambers in Sequoia National Park for 9 to 11 weeks with filtered air, ambient air, or ambient air plus O
3
. These short-term fumigations did not significantly affect the numbers of phyllosphere fungi. Exposure of Valencia orange trees to SO
2
at 9.3 parts per hundred million for 4 years reduced the number of phyllosphere fungi isolated by 75% compared with the number from the filtered-air treatment and reduced the Simpson diversity index value from 3.3 to 2.5. A significant chamber effect was evident since leaves of giant sequoia and California black oak located outside of chambers had more phyllosphere fungi than did seedlings within chambers. Results suggest that chronic exposure to ambient ozone or SO
2
in polluted areas can affect phyllosphere fungal communities, while short-term exposures may not significantly disturb phyllosphere fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fenn
- Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507
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Stotzky G, Babich H. Survival of, and genetic transfer by, genetically engineered bacteria in natural environments. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1986; 31:93-138. [PMID: 3521212 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bewley RJ, Stotzky G. Effects of combinations of simulated acid rain and cadmium or zinc on microbial activity in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1983; 31:332-339. [PMID: 6411458 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There was little effect on the rate of CO2 evolution from glucose-supplemented soil, adjusted to pH 3.2 with a 2:1 combination of H2SO4 and fuming HNO3, and concomitant additions of 100 or 1000 ppm Cd or of 1000 or 10,000 ppm Zn (as sulfates) were no more inhibitory than in soil untreated with acid. In soil adjusted to pH 2.8, the lag in CO2 evolution was increased by 1 day, and was extended further by the concomitant addition of 10,000 but not 1000 ppm Zn or of 1000 but not 100 ppm Cd. The growth of Aspergillus niger in soil acidified to pH levels of 3.6 to 4.2 was further reduced by the addition of either 100 or 250 ppm Cd or of 1000 ppm Zn.
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Toxicity of nickel to microbes: environmental aspects. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1983; 29:195-265. [PMID: 6650263 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Graedel T, Mcrae J. Total organic component data: A study of urban atmospheric patterns and trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(82)90202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
During the growing season, comparisons were made of the leaf surface microflora of (i) two groups of mature oak trees, one in the vicinity of a smelting complex contaminated by heavy metals and the other at a relatively uncontaminated site, and (ii) two groups of oak saplings at the uncontaminated site, one of which was sprayed with zinc, lead, and cadmium to simulate the heavy metal pollution from the smelter without the complicating effects of other pollutants. Total viable counts of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi (isolated by leaf washing) were generally little affected by the spraying treatment, whereas polluted leaves of mature trees supported fewer bacteria compared with leaves of mature trees at the uncontaminated site. Numbers of pigmented yeasts were lower on polluted oaks and on metal-dosed saplings compared with their respective controls. Polluted leaves of mature trees supported both greater numbers of
Aureobasidium pullulans
and
Cladosporium
spp. and a greater percentage of metal-tolerant fungi compared with oak leaves at the uncontaminated site. There were no significant overall differences in the degree of mycelial growth between the two groups of saplings or the mature trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bewley
- Department of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 IUG, England
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Bewley RJ, Campbell R. Influence of zinc, lead, and cadmium pollutants on the microflora of hawthorn leaves. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1980; 6:227-240. [PMID: 24227130 DOI: 10.1007/bf02010388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transect studies were conducted to determine the relative effects of zinc, lead, and cadmium pollution on microorganisms occurring on hawthorn leaves at varying distances from a smelting complex.Sporobolomyces roseus was absent from the most heavily contaminated leaves but, although lead was inhibitory, other environmental factors were also important in determining its overall population level. Conversely,Aureobasidium pullulans and nonpigmented yeasts showed a significant partial positive correlation with lead but were inhibited by zinc and/or cadmium. Numbers of bacterial colonies were only slightly reduced by the combined effect of all three metals, but total numbers of bacteria were highly negatively correlated with lead. Filamentous fungi, isolated by leaf washing, were only slightly inhibited by all three metals, and the degree of mycelial proliferation on senescent leaves was little affected by heavy metal pollution. Computer-generated maps were produced of the distribution ofA. pullulans in relation to zinc and lead fallout.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bewley
- Department of Botany, University of Bristol, BS8 1UG, Bristol, England
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Environmental factors that influence the toxicity of heavy metal and gaseous pollutants to microorganisms. Crit Rev Microbiol 1980; 8:99-145. [PMID: 7000442 DOI: 10.3109/10408418009081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Toxicity of zinc to fungi, bacteria, and coliphages: influence of chloride ions. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 36:906-14. [PMID: 736544 PMCID: PMC243165 DOI: 10.1128/aem.36.6.906-914.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10 mM concentration of Zn2+ decreased the survival of Escherichia coli; enhanced the survival of Bacillus cereus; did not significantly affect the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Norcardia corallina, and T1, T7, P1, and phi80 coliphages; completely inhibited mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani; and reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Cunninghamella echinulata, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride. The toxicity of zinc to the fungi, bacteria, and coliphages was unaffected, lessened, or increased by the addition of high concentrations of NaCl. The increased toxicity of zinc in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl was not a result of a synergistic interaction between Zn2+ and elevated osmotic pressures but of the formation of complex anionic ZnCl species that exerted greater toxicities than did cationic Zn2+. Conversely, the decrease in zinc toxicity with increasing concentrations of NaCl probably reflected the decrease in the levels of Zn2+ due to the formation of Zn-Cl species, which was less inhibitory to these microbes than was Zn2+. A. niger tolerated higher concentrations of zinc in the presence of NaCl at 37 than at 25 degrees C.
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Bremner JM, Steele CG. Role of Microorganisms in the Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8222-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Effects of cadmium on the biota: influence of environmental factors. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1978; 23:55-117. [PMID: 210637 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Smith WH, Staskawicz BJ, Harkov RS. Trace-metal pollutants and urban-tree leaf pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(78)80166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Smith WH. Influence of heavy metal leaf contaminants on the in vitro growth of urban-tree phylloplane-fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1977; 3:231-239. [PMID: 24233576 DOI: 10.1007/bf02010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of urban woody vegetation are contaminated with varying amounts of numerous metallic compounds, including Cd, Cu, Mn, Al, Cr, Ni, Fe, Pb, Na, and Zn. To examine the possibility that these metals may affect phylloplane fungi, the above cations were tested in vitro for their ability to influence the growth of numerous saprophytic and parasitic fungi isolated from the leaves of London plane trees. Considerable variation in growth inhibition by the metals was observed. GenerallyAureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum sp., andPhialophora verrucosa were relatively tolerant;Gnomonia platani, Cladsporium sp., andPleurophomella sp. were intermediate; andPestalotiopsis andChaetomium sp. were relatively sensitive to the incorporation of certain metals into solid and liquid media. If similar growth inhibitions occur in nature, competitive abilities or population structures of plant surface microbes may be altered by surface metal contamination. Metals causing the greatest and broadest spectrum growth suppression included Ni, Zn, Pb, Al, Fe, and Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Smith
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 06511, New Haven, Connecticut
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Reductions in the Toxicity of Cadmium to Microorganisms by Clay Minerals. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33:696-705. [PMID: 16345228 PMCID: PMC170746 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.3.696-705.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite protected bacteria, including actinomycetes, and filamentous fungi from the inhibitory effects of cadmium (Cd). Montmorillonite provided greater protection than did equivalent concentrations of kaolinite. The protective ability of the clays was correlated with their cation exchange capacity (CEC). The greater the CEC, the greater the absorbancy of exogenous Cd by the exchange complex and the greater the protection. The greater protection afforded by montmorillonite, as compared to kaolinite, was correlated with its higher CEC. Clays homoionic to Cd did not protect against exogenous Cd, as the exchange complex was already saturated with Cd. Montmorillonite homoionic to Cd was more detrimental to microbial growth than was kaolinite homoionic to Cd, as more Cd was present on and apparently desorbed from the montmorillonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Babich
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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Babich H, Stotzky G. Sensitivity of Various Bacteria, Including Actinomycetes, and Fungi to Cadmium and the Influence of pH on Sensitivity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33:681-95. [PMID: 16345227 PMCID: PMC170745 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.3.681-695.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of microorganisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive eubacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, were tested for their sensitivity to cadmium (Cd). In general, the actinomycetes were more tolerant to Cd than were the eubacteria; gram-negative eubacteria were more tolerant to Cd than were gram-positive eubacteria. The period of exponential growth of the eubacteria and actinomycetes was extended in the presence of Cd. Wide extremes in sensitivity to Cd were noted among the fungi; there was no correlation between the class of fungus and tolerance to Cd. Fungal sporulation was more sensitive to Cd than was mycelial growth, as spore formation was inhibited at Cd concentrations that were noninhibitory to mycelial proliferation. The toxicity of Cd to the eubacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi appeared to be pH dependent, as toxicity was generally potentiated at pH 8 or 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Babich
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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Stotzky G, Schenck S. Volatile organic compounds and microorganisms. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 4:333-82. [PMID: 780055 DOI: 10.3109/10408417609102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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