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Cabrera F, Ortega M, Velarde F, Parra E, Gallardo S, Barba D, Soto L, Peña G, Pedroza LA, Jorgensen C, Khoury M, Caicedo A. Primary allogeneic mitochondrial mix (PAMM) transfer/transplant by MitoCeption to address damage in PBMCs caused by ultraviolet radiation. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 31253149 PMCID: PMC6599354 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial Mitochondrial Transfer or Transplant (AMT/T) can be used to reduce the stress and loss of viability of damaged cells. In MitoCeption, a type of AMT/T, the isolated mitochondria and recipient cells are centrifuged together at 4 °C and then co-incubated at 37 °C in normal culture conditions, inducing the transfer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect mitochondria and other cell structures, resulting in tissue stress, aging, and immunosuppression. AMT/T could be used to repair UVR cellular and mitochondrial damage. We studied if a mitochondrial mix from different donors (Primary Allogeneic Mitochondrial Mix, PAMM) can repair UVR damage and promote cell survival. RESULTS Using a simplified adaption of the MitoCeption protocol, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as the recipient cell model of the PAMM in order to determine if this protocol could repair UVR damage. Our results showed that when PBMCs are exposed to UVR, there is a decrease in metabolic activity, mitochondrial mass, and mtDNA sequence stability as well as an increase in p53 expression and the percentage of dead cells. When PAMM MitoCeption was used on UVR-damaged cells, it successfully transferred mitochondria from different donors to distinct PBMCs populations and repaired the observed UVR damage. CONCLUSION Our results represent an advancement in the applications of MitoCeption and other AMT/T. We showed that PBMCs could be used as a PAMM source of mitochondria. We also showed that these mitochondria can be transferred in a mix from different donors (PAMM) to UVR-damaged, non-adherent primary cells. Additionally, we decreased the duration of the MitoCeption protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cabrera
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- IRMB CHU Saint Eloi, University of Montpellier, France, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Ortega
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francesca Velarde
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eliseo Parra
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephany Gallardo
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lina Soto
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Peña
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Alberto Pedroza
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Baylor College of Medicine: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB CHU Saint Eloi, University of Montpellier, France, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Sistemas Médicos, SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
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Holley AK, Xu Y, Noel T, Bakthavatchalu V, Batinic-Haberle I, St Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase-mediated inside-out signaling in HaCaT human keratinocytes and SKH-1 mouse skin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2347-60. [PMID: 24635018 PMCID: PMC4005487 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inside-out signaling occurs when changes in organellar activity lead to alterations in cell signaling that culminate at the cell surface. Mitochondria are vital signaling platforms in cells that participate in radiation-induced inside-out signaling. However, the importance of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability of mitochondria through manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is not established. Here, we used MnSOD heterozygous knockout and transgenic SKH-1 hairless, albino mice and MnSOD knockdown and overexpressing HaCaT human keratinocytes to study the effects of MnSOD on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced inside-out signaling. RESULTS AND INNOVATION There is an inverse correlation between MnSOD expression and UV-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as determined by phosphorylation at Tyr1068, both in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with increased ROS production (as measured by dihydroethidium fluorescence). EGFR activation is dependent on Nox4 expression and Src kinase activation, with Src activation upstream of Nox4 in regulation of EGFR activation. Enhanced EGFR activation in MnSOD knockdown cells is abrogated by treatment with the SOD mimetic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the ROS-scavenging ability of mitochondria, through the expression of MnSOD, is important for UV-induced inside-out signaling. Decreased MnSOD expression enhances UV-induced activation of different oncogenic signaling pathways through an inside-out signaling-mediated mechanism. Inhibition of inside-out signaling by MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) mimics the effect of endogenous MnSOD, suggesting that pharmacological intervention by SOD mimetics could play an important role in the prevention of aberrant cell signaling, which may contribute to carcinogenesis and may prove valuable for the treatment or prevention of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Kamal H, St Clair DK, Chow CK. Mitochondrial superoxide mediates labile iron level: evidence from Mn-SOD-transgenic mice and heterozygous knockout mice and isolated rat liver mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:143-149. [PMID: 23792772 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide is the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by aerobic cells primarily in mitochondria. It is also capable of producing other ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Moreover, superoxide has the potential to release iron from its protein complexes. Unbound or loosely bound cellular iron, known as labile iron, can catalyze the formation of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. ROS/RNS can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and damage. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is the chief ROS-scavenging enzyme and thereby the primary antioxidant involved in protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage. To investigate whether mitochondrial superoxide mediates labile iron in vivo, the levels of labile iron were determined in the tissues of mice overexpressing Mn-SOD and heterozygous Mn-SOD-knockout mice. Furthermore, the effect of increased mitochondrial superoxide generation on labile iron levels was determined in isolated rat liver mitochondria exposed to various electron transport inhibitors. The results clearly showed that increased expression of Mn-SOD significantly lowered the levels of labile iron in heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle, whereas decreased expression of Mn-SOD significantly increased the levels of labile iron in the same organs. In addition, the data showed that peroxidative damage to membrane lipids closely correlated with the levels of labile iron in various tissues and that altering the status of Mn-SOD did not alter the status of other antioxidant systems. Results also showed that increased ROS production in isolated liver mitochondria significantly increased the levels of mitochondrial labile iron. These findings constitute the first evidence suggesting that mitochondrial superoxide is capable of releasing iron from its protein complexes in vivo and that it could also release iron from protein complexes contained within the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam H Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hosam M Habib
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hina Kamal
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Ching K Chow
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Potassium channel in the mitochondria of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:764-772. [PMID: 24126847 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activation of mitochondrial potassium channels induces cytoprotection in various cell types. Hence, the identification of ion channels present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of keratinocytes is important in distinguishing possible protective mechanisms in these cells. In this paper, inner membrane mitochondrial ion channels of the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line were investigated using a patch-clamp technique. We observed potassium-selective channel activity with a conductance of 83 pS at positive voltages. The I-V curve indicates that the observed channel has rectifying properties. Moreover, the channel activity was inhibited by acidic pH and 1 mM lidocaine. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we found an mRNA transcript for the TASK-3 (tandem pore domain acid-sensitive K channels) channel. We observed co-localization of the TASK-3 protein and a mitochondrial marker in the mitochondria of HaCaT cells. Additionally, we showed that TASK-3 knockdown HaCaT cells markedly decreased viability after UVB radiation exposure compared with control cells. In summary, the single-channel activity and properties of a mitochondrial potassium channel in a keratinocyte HaCaT cell line have been described.
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Al-Shobaili HA, Rasheed Z. Physicochemical and immunological studies on mitochondrial DNA modified by peroxynitrite: implications of neo-epitopes of mitochondrial DNA in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2013; 22:1024-37. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313498803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Recent evidence has demonstrated that mitochondria possess their own nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) and can produce endogenous reactive-nitrogen-species (RNS) including peroxynitrite (ONOO–). This study was undertaken to investigate the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage by ONOO– in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) autoimmunity. Methods MtDNA was isolated from fresh goat liver and modified by ONOO–, generated by synergistic action of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O–2) donors. Modifications occurring in mtDNA were characterized by physicochemical techniques. SLE patients ( n = 50) with varying disease activity according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and healthy controls ( n = 34) were evaluated for antibodies to native and ONOO–-modified mtDNA by immunoassays. Gel retardation assays were performed to cross-examine the immunoassay results using affinity-purified SLE immunoglobulin G (IgG). Nitrosative stress in SLE patients was studied by measuring nitrotyrosine and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Results The ONOO– caused extensive damage to mtDNA as evident by ultraviolet (UV) hyperchromicity and loss of florescence intensity. Thermal melting studies, agarose gel electrophoresis and nuclease S1 digestibility clearly indicate structural perturbation in mtDNA by ONOO–. Quenching studies with specific NO or O–2 quenchers confirmed that the damaging agent was ONOO–. SLE autoantibodies exhibited enhanced binding with ONOO–-mtDNA as compared to their native analog. Interestingly, not only was there an increased number of subjects positive for ONOO–-mtDNA, but also the levels of anti-ONOO–-mtDNA antibodies were statistically significantly higher among SLE patients whose SLEDAI scores were ≥ 20 as compared with SLE patients with lower SLEDAI scores (SLEDAI < 20). Normal healthy controls showed negligible binding with either antigen. Furthermore, SLE patients had higher levels of nitrotyrosine and iNOS compared with their respective healthy controls. Conclusions Our novel results provide an important insight into the immunological basis of anti-DNA autoantibody generation in SLE. Our data conclude that modification of mtDNA by ONOO– causes structural perturbations, resulting in the generation of neo-epitopes, and making it a potential immunogen in SLE. The mtDNA modified by ONOO– may be useful in evaluating the progression of SLE and in elucidating the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- HA Al-Shobaili
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; and 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z Rasheed
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; and 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Holley AK, Dhar SK, St Clair DK. Curbing cancer's sweet tooth: is there a role for MnSOD in regulation of the Warburg effect? Mitochondrion 2013; 13:170-88. [PMID: 22820117 PMCID: PMC4604438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), while vital for normal cellular function, can have harmful effects on cells, leading to the development of diseases such as cancer. The Warburg effect, the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is an important metabolic change that confers many growth and survival advantages to cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species are important regulators of the Warburg effect. The mitochondria-localized antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is vital to survival in our oxygen-rich atmosphere because it scavenges mitochondrial ROS. MnSOD is important in cancer development and progression. However, the significance of MnSOD in the regulation of the Warburg effect is just now being revealed, and it may significantly impact the treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sanjit Kumar Dhar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Daret K. St Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Evaluation of bioactive sphingolipids in 4-HPR-resistant leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:477. [PMID: 22061047 PMCID: PMC3218121 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide) is a synthetic retinoid with potent pro-apoptotic activity against several types of cancer, but little is known regarding mechanisms leading to chemoresistance. Ceramide and, more recently, other sphingolipid species (e.g., dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingosine) have been implicated in 4-HPR-mediated tumor cell death. Because sphingolipid metabolism has been reported to be altered in drug-resistant tumor cells, we studied the implication of sphingolipids in acquired resistance to 4-HPR based on an acute lymphoblastic leukemia model. Methods CCRF-CEM cell lines resistant to 4-HPR were obtained by gradual selection. Endogenous sphingolipid profiles and in situ enzymatic activities were determined by LC/MS, and resistance to 4-HPR or to alternative treatments was measured using the XTT viability assay and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide labeling. Results No major crossresistance was observed against other antitumoral compounds (i.e. paclitaxel, cisplatin, doxorubicin hydrochloride) or agents (i.e. ultra violet C, hydrogen peroxide) also described as sphingolipid modulators. CCRF-CEM cell lines resistant to 4-HPR exhibited a distinctive endogenous sphingolipid profile that correlated with inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase. Cells maintained acquired resistance to 4-HPR after the removal of 4-HPR though the sphingolipid profile returned to control levels. On the other hand, combined treatment with sphingosine kinase inhibitors (unnatural (dihydro)sphingosines ((dh)Sph)) and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor (PPMP) in the presence or absence of 4-HPR increased cellular (dh)Sph (but not ceramide) levels and were highly toxic for both parental and resistant cells. Conclusions In the leukemia model, acquired resistance to 4-HPR is selective and persists in the absence of sphingolipid profile alteration. Therapeutically, the data demonstrate that alternative sphingolipid-modulating antitumoral strategies are suitable for both 4-HPR-resistant and sensitive leukemia cells. Thus, whereas sphingolipids may not be critical for maintaining resistance to 4-HPR, manipulation of cytotoxic sphingolipids should be considered a viable approach for overcoming resistance.
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Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase: guardian of the powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7114-62. [PMID: 22072939 PMCID: PMC3211030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is vital for many metabolic pathways in the cell, contributing all or important constituent enzymes for diverse functions such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, the urea cycle, the citric acid cycle, and ATP synthesis. The mitochondrion is also a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell. Aberrant production of mitochondrial ROS can have dramatic effects on cellular function, in part, due to oxidative modification of key metabolic proteins localized in the mitochondrion. The cell is equipped with myriad antioxidant enzyme systems to combat deleterious ROS production in mitochondria, with the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) acting as the chief ROS scavenging enzyme in the cell. Factors that affect the expression and/or the activity of MnSOD, resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of the cell, can have extraordinary consequences on the overall health of the cell by altering mitochondrial metabolic function, leading to the development and progression of numerous diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which MnSOD protects cells from the harmful effects of overproduction of ROS, in particular, the effects of ROS on mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, may contribute to the development of novel treatments for various diseases in which ROS are an important component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Joyce M. Velez-Roman
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
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Sung AY, Kim TH, Ye KH. UV Absorbent-added Polymerization and its Application as Ophthalmological Material. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2011.55.1.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lin J, Yang Q, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ. The calcium-binding protein S100B down-regulates p53 and apoptosis in malignant melanoma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27487-27498. [PMID: 20587415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100B-p53 protein complex was discovered in C8146A malignant melanoma, but the consequences of this interaction required further study. When S100B expression was inhibited in C8146As by siRNA (siRNA(S100B)), wt p53 mRNA levels were unchanged, but p53 protein, phosphorylated p53, and p53 gene products (i.e. p21 and PIDD) were increased. siRNA(S100B) transfections also restored p53-dependent apoptosis in C8146As as judged by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, DNA ladder formation, caspase 3 and 8 activation, and aggregation of the Fas death receptor (+UV); whereas, siRNA(S100B) had no effect in SK-MEL-28 cells containing elevated S100B and inactive p53 (p53R145L mutant). siRNA(S100B)-mediated apoptosis was independent of the mitochondria, because no changes were observed in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 activation, or ratios of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins (BAX, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X(L)). As expected, cells lacking S100B (LOX-IM VI) were not affected by siRNA(S100B), and introduction of S100B reduced their UV-induced apoptosis activity by 7-fold, further demonstrating that S100B inhibits apoptosis activities in p53-containing cells. In other wild-type p53 cells (i.e. C8146A, UACC-2571, and UACC-62), S100B was found to contribute to cell survival after UV treatment, and for C8146As, the decrease in survival after siRNA(S100B) transfection (+UV) could be reversed by the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. In summary, reducing S100B expression with siRNA was sufficient to activate p53, its transcriptional activation activities, and p53-dependent apoptosis pathway(s) in melanoma involving the Fas death receptor and perhaps PIDD. Thus, a well known marker for malignant melanoma, S100B, likely contributes to cancer progression by down-regulating the tumor suppressor protein, p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - France Carrier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
| | - David J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Castro-Caldas M, Milagre I, Rodrigues E, Gama MJ. Glutathione S-transferase pi regulates UV-induced JNK signaling in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:241-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alam K, Jabeen S. Immunogenicity of mitochondrial DNA modified by hydroxyl radical. Cell Immunol 2007; 247:12-7. [PMID: 17716639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria consume about 90 percent of oxygen used by the body, and are a particularly rich source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this research communication mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from fresh goat liver and modified in vitro by hydroxyl radical generated from UV irradiation (254 nm) of hydrogen peroxide. As a consequence of hydroxyl radical modification, mtDNA showed hyperchromicity and sensitivity to nuclease S1 digestion as compared to control mtDNA. Animals immunized with mtDNA and ROS-modified mtDNA induced antibodies as detected by direct binding and competition ELISA. The data suggest that immunogenicity of mtDNA got augmented after treatment with hydroxyl radical. IgG isolated from immune sera showed specificity for respective immunogen and cross-reaction with other nucleic acids. Binding of induced antibodies with array of antigens clearly indicates their polyspecific nature. Moreover, the polyspecificity exhibited by induced antibodies is unique in view of similar multiple antigen binding properties of naturally occurring anti-DNA antibodies derived from SLE patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/chemistry
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- DNA Damage/immunology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/radiation effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Female
- Goats
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry
- Hydrogen Peroxide/radiation effects
- Hydroxyl Radical/chemistry
- Hydroxyl Radical/immunology
- Hydroxyl Radical/toxicity
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mitochondria, Liver/chemistry
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Conformation/radiation effects
- Nucleic Acid Denaturation/radiation effects
- Rabbits
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh 202 002, India.
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