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Odnoshivkina JG, Petrov AM. 25-hydroxycholesterol triggers antioxidant signaling in mouse atria. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106834. [PMID: 38521490 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), is a potent regulator of immune reactions, its synthesis greatly increases by macrophages during inflammation. We hypothesize that 25HC can have cardioprotective effects by limiting consequences of excessive β-adrenoceptor (βAR) stimulation, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in mouse atria. Isoproterenol, a βAR agonist, increased extra- and intracellular levels of ROS. This enhancement of ROS production was suppressed by NADPH oxidase antagonists as well as 25HC. Inhibition of β3ARs, Gi protein and protein kinase Cε prevented the effect of 25HC on isoproterenol-dependent ROS synthesis. Furthermore, 25HC suppressed isoproterenol-induced lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial ROS generation as well as ROS-dependent component of positive inotropic response to isoproterenol. Additionally, 25HC decreased mitochondrial ROS production and lipid peroxidation induced by antimycin A, a mitochondrial poison. Thus, 25HC exerts antioxidant properties alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction-induced and βAR-dependent cardiac oxidative damage. In the latter case, 25HC can act via signaling mechanism engaging β3ARs, Gi protein and protein kinase Cε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Odnoshivkina
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT 420012, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT 420012, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia; Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
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2
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Lim H, Oh JS, Kang KR, Seo JY, Kim DK, Yu SK, Kim HJ, Park JC, Kim JS. 25-Hydroxycholesterol induces odontoclastic differentiation through RANK-RANKL upregulation and NF-κB activation in odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells: An in vitro study. Int Endod J 2023; 56:432-446. [PMID: 36462163 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AIM The physiological effects and cellular mechanism of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), which is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) expressed under inflammatory conditions, are still largely unknown during odontoclastogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate 25-HC-induced odontoclastogenesis and its cellular mechanisms in odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells. METHODOLOGY To investigate 25-HC-induced odontoclastogenesis of MDPC-23 cells and its cellular mechanism, haemotoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, dentine resorption assay, zymography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, immunocytochemistry, and nuclear translocation were performed. The experimental values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were compared using analysis of variance, followed by post hoc multiple comparisons (Tukey's test) using SPSS software version 22 (IBM Corp.). A p-value <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide or receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) induced the synthesis of 25-HC via the expression of CH25H in MDPC-23 cells (p < .01). Multinucleated giant cells with morphological characteristics and TRAP activity of the odontoclast were increased by 25-HC in MDPC-23 cells (p < .01). Moreover, 25-HC increased dentine resorption through the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases in MDPC-23 cells. It not only increased the expression of odontoclastogenic biomarkers but also translocated cytosolic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to the nucleus in MDPC-23 cells. Additionally, 25-HC not only increased the production of ROS (p < .01), expression of inflammatory mediators (p < .01), pro-inflammatory cytokines, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), and RANKL but also suppressed the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in MDPC-23 cells. In contrast, CDDO-Me, a chemical NF-κB inhibitor, decreased TRAP activity (p < .01) and downregulated the expression of the odontoclastogenic biomarkers, including RANK and RANKL, in MDPC-23 cells. CONCLUSION 25-HC induced odontoclastogenesis by modulating the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis via NF-κB activation in MDPC-23 cells. Therefore, these findings provide that 25-HC derived from cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiological etiological factors of internal tooth resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyangI Lim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Rok Kang
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Seo
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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3
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You JS, Lim H, Seo JY, Kang KR, Kim DK, Oh JS, Seo YS, Lee GJ, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Yu SK, Kim JS. 25-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in L929 Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line. Molecules 2021; 27:199. [PMID: 35011433 PMCID: PMC8746689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase during cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this study was to verify whether 25-HC induces oxiapoptophagy in fibroblasts. 25-HC not only decreased the survival of L929 cells, but also increased the number of cells with condensed chromatin and altered morphology. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting results showed that there was a dose-dependent increase in the apoptotic populations of L929 cells upon treatment with 25-HC. 25-HC-induced apoptotic cell death was mediated by the death receptor-dependent extrinsic and mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, through the cascade activation of caspases including caspase-8, -9, and -3 in L929 cells. There was an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Moreover, 25-HC caused an increase in the expression of beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, an autophagy biomarker, in L929 cells. There was a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Taken together, 25-HC induced oxiapoptophagy through the modulation of Akt and p53 cellular signaling pathways in L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seek You
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (J.-S.O.)
| | - HyangI Lim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Yeon Seo
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Kyeong-Rok Kang
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (J.-S.O.)
| | - Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Gyeong-Je Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
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4
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Seo YS, Cho IA, Kim TH, You JS, Oh JS, Lee GJ, Kim DK, Kim JS. Oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol as a metabolic pathophysiological factors of osteoarthritis induces apoptosis in primary rat chondrocytes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:249-257. [PMID: 32392916 PMCID: PMC7193916 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiological etiology of osteoarthritis that is mediated by the apoptosis of chondrocytes exposed to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), an oxysterol synthesized by the expression of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) under inflammatory conditions. Interleukin-1β induced the apoptosis of chondrocytes in a dose- dependent manner. Furthermore, the production of 25-HC increased in the chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1β through the expression of CH25H. 25-HC decreased the viability of chondrocytes. Chondrocytes with condensed nucleus and apoptotic populations increased by 25-HC. Moreover, the activity and expression of caspase-3 were increased by the death ligand-mediated extrinsic and mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathways in the chondrocytes treated with 25-HC. Finally, 25-HC induced not only caspase-dependent apoptosis, but also induced proteoglycan loss in articular cartilage ex vivo cultured rat knee joints. These data indicate that 25-HC may act as a metabolic pathophysiological factor in osteoarthritis that is mediated by progressive chondrocyte death in the articular cartilage with inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - In-A Cho
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jae-Seek You
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Je Lee
- Departments of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Magoro T, Dandekar A, Jennelle LT, Bajaj R, Lipkowitz G, Angelucci AR, Bessong PO, Hahn YS. IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-6 inflammatory cytokines promote STAT1-dependent induction of CH25H in Zika virus-infected human macrophages. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14591-14602. [PMID: 31375561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)3 is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that has emerged as a public health threat because of its global transmission and link to microcephaly. Currently there is no vaccine for this virus. Conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been shown to have broad antiviral properties. However, the molecular basis of induction of CH25H in humans is not known. Elucidation of signaling and transcriptional events for induction of CH25H expression is critical for designing therapeutic antiviral agents. In this study, we show that CH25H is induced by ZIKV infection or Toll-like receptor stimulation. Interestingly, CH25H is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6, and this induction depends on the STAT1 transcription factor. Additionally, we observed that cAMP-dependent transcription factor (ATF3) weakly binds to the CH25H promoter, suggesting cooperation with STAT1. However, ZIKV-induced CH25H was independent of type I interferon. These findings provide important information for understanding how the Zika virus induces innate inflammatory responses and promotes the expression of anti-viral CH25H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshifhiwa Magoro
- HIV/AIDS and Global Health Research Program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Aditya Dandekar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lucas T Jennelle
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Rohan Bajaj
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Gabriel Lipkowitz
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Angelina R Angelucci
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- HIV/AIDS and Global Health Research Program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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The Oxysterol 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Replication of Murine Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020097. [PMID: 30682775 PMCID: PMC6409565 DOI: 10.3390/v11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential component of mammalian cells, is also an important factor in the replicative-cycles of several human and animal viruses. The oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, is produced from cholesterol by the enzyme, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) has been shown to have anti-viral activities against a wide range of viruses, including a range of positive-sense RNA viruses. In this study, we have investigated the role of 25-HC in norovirus replication using murine norovirus (MNV) as a model system. As a control, we employed herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a pathogen previously shown to be inhibited by 25-HC. Consistent with previous studies, 25-HC inhibited HSV-1 replication in the MNV-susceptible cell line, RAW264.7. Treating RAW264.7 cells with sub-cytotoxic concentrations of 25-HC reduced the MNV titers. However, other sterols such as cholesterol or the oxysterol, 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC), did not inhibit MNV replication. Moreover, treating MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells with 25-HC-stimulated caspase 3/7 activity, which leads to enhanced apoptosis and increased cell death. Our study adds noroviruses to the list of viruses inhibited by 25-HC and begins to offer insights into the mechanism behind this inhibition.
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Wang S, Yao Y, Rao C, Zheng G, Chen W. 25-HC decreases the sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and promotes cells invasion via the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:966-980. [PMID: 30664194 PMCID: PMC6365050 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is associated with metastasis in patients with gastric cancer (GC). 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a type of oxysterol which is synthesized from cholesterol and is involved in a number of processes, including inflammation, immune responses and cancer development. However, the role of 25-HC in gastric cancer remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that 25-HC had no effects on GC cell proliferation and apoptosis, whereas it decreased the sensitivity of GC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as demonstrated by the increased cell proliferation and the decreased cell apoptosis. On the other hand, exposure to 2.5-10 µM of 25-HC significantly promoted GC invasion, both in vitro (using AGS and MGC-803 GC cell lines) and in vivo (in an animal model), accompanied by the upregulation of the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Further investigations revealed that the promotion of GC invasion was, at least in part due to the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. Our results demonstrated that 25-HC promoted GC cells invasion by upregulating TLR2/NF-κB-mediated MMP expression. Thus, on the whole, the findings of this study suggest a novel mechanism of hyperlipidemia-induced GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Rao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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25-Hydroxycholesterol is involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11855-11867. [PMID: 28060747 PMCID: PMC5355309 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the levels of three major hydroxycholesterols (24-, 25-, and 27-hydroxycholesterols) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as to show their role in the pathogenesis of ALS experimental models. The level of 25-hydroxycholesterol were higher in untreated ALS patients (n = 30) than in controls without ALS (n = 33) and ALS patients treated with riluzole (n = 9) both in their serum and CSF. The level of 25-hydroxycholesterol in the serum of ALS patients were significantly associated with their disease severity and rate of progression. In the motor neuron-like cell line (NSC34) with the human mutant G93A superoxide dismutase 1 gene (mSOD1-G93A), 25-hydroxycholesterol induced motor neuronal death/ apoptosis via glycogen synthase kinase-3β and liver X receptor pathways; riluzole treatment attenuated these effects. The expressions of enzymes that synthesize 25-hydroxycholesterol were significantly increased in the brains of early symptomatic mSOD1G93A mice. Our data, obtained from patients with ALS, a cellular model of ALS, and an animal model of ALS, suggests that 25-hydroxycholesterol could be actively involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, mostly in the early symptomatic disease stage, by mediating neuronal apoptosis.
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Sharma N, Baek K, Phan HTT, Shimokawa N, Takagi M. Glycosyl chains and 25-hydroxycholesterol contribute to the intracellular transport of amyloid beta (Aβ-42) in Jurkat T cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:865-876. [PMID: 28593141 PMCID: PMC5458452 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a peptide responsible for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Misfolding and accumulation of endogenous Aβ can lead to neural cell apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Added exogenous Aβ can also result in ER stress, leading to neurotoxicity and apoptosis, which is identical to that caused by the endogenous peptide. We have speculated that the endocytic transport of Aβ causes ER stress and have previously shown that the oxysterol, in particular, 7-ketocholesterol (7-keto) induces more surface interaction between Aβ-42 and Jurkat cells than cholesterol. However, the interaction was not enough to induce intracellular transfer of the peptide. In this study, we investigated the effect of another oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) on the membrane raft-dependent transport of Aβ-42 in Jurkat cells. Interestingly, intracellular transfer of Aβ-42 was observed in the presence of 25-OH only after the inclusion of cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), a marker used to detect the raft domain. We speculated that 25-OH can induce intracellular movement of Aβ peptides. Furthermore, CT-B together with GM1 provided negative curvature, which resulted in the intracellular transport of Aβ-42. Notably, we used a protofibrillar species of Aβ-42 in this study. We have shown that the transport was microtubule-dependent since it could not be observed in depolymerized microtubules. These results demonstrate that oxysterols and glycosyl chains are important factors affecting intracellular transport. These compounds are also associated with aging and advanced glycation are risk factors for AD. Thus, this study should further understanding of the pathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | - KeangOK Baek
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | | | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
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Shen C, Zhou J, Wang X, Yu XY, Liang C, Liu B, Pan X, Zhao Q, Song JL, Wang J, Bao M, Wu C, Li Y, Song YH. Angiotensin-II-induced Muscle Wasting is Mediated by 25-Hydroxycholesterol via GSK3β Signaling Pathway. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:238-250. [PMID: 28161398 PMCID: PMC5474518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While angiotensin II (ang II) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia (CC), the molecules that mediate ang II's wasting effect have not been identified. It is known TNF-α level is increased in patients with CC, and TNF-α release is triggered by ang II. We therefore hypothesized that ang II induced muscle wasting is mediated by TNF-α. Ang II infusion led to skeletal muscle wasting in wild type (WT) but not in TNF alpha type 1 receptor knockout (TNFR1KO) mice, suggesting that ang II induced muscle loss is mediated by TNF-α through its type 1 receptor. Microarray analysis identified cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) as the down stream target of TNF-α. Intraperitoneal injection of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), the product of Ch25h, resulted in muscle loss in C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by increased expression of atrogin-1, MuRF1 and suppression of IGF-1/Akt signaling pathway. The identification of 25-OHC as an inducer of muscle wasting has implications for the development of specific treatment strategies in preventing muscle loss. Ang II induced muscle wasting is mediated by TNF-α, which in turn up regulates Ch25h Knockout of TNFR1 inhibits the production of 25-OHC and blocks ang II induced muscle loss in mice 25-OHC injection induces muscle wasting in mice by activating GSK3β A GSK3β inhibitor blocks ang II induced muscle atrophy, which paves the way for targeted therapy to treat muscle wasting
Cardiac cachexia (CC), a condition characterized by weight loss and muscle wasting, is a serious complication that occurs in patients with chronic heart failure. This condition impairs patient's daily physical activity and their quality of life. Specific therapy for CC is currently unavailable because the pathogenesis remains unknown. Previous studies have identified angiotensin II (ang II) as an important mediator of CC. We now report a previously unrecognized role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) in mediating ang II induced muscle loss. The identification of 25-OHC as a muscle wasting inducer has implications for the development of therapeutic intervention in preserving muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Shen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Hospital of Ji Lin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Xiangbin Pan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jenny Lee Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Meiyu Bao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Chaofan Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yangxin Li
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and the Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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Cha E, Lee KM, Park KD, Park KS, Lee KW, Kim SM, Lee J. Hydroxycholesterol Levels in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Revealed by LC-Ag+CIS/MS/MS and LC-ESI/MS/MS with Picolinic Derivatization: Increased Levels and Association with Disability during Acute Attack. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167819. [PMID: 27942009 PMCID: PMC5152860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Hydroxycholesterols (OHCs), metabolites of CNS cholesterol, are involved in diverse cellular responses to inflammation and demyelination, and may also be involved in the pathogenesis of NMO. We aimed to develop a sensitive and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of three major OHCs (24S-, 25-, and 27-OHCs), and to evaluate their concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with NMO. The levels of the three OHCs in the serum and CSF were measured using liquid chromatography-silver ion coordination ionspray tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with picolinyl ester derivatization, respectively. The linear range was 5–250 ng/mL for 24S- and 27-OHC, and 0.5–25 ng/mL for 25-OHC in serum, and was 0.1–5 ng/mL for 24S- and 27-OHC, and 0.03–1 ng/mL for 25-OHC in CSF. Precision and accuracy were 0.5%–14.7% and 92.5%–109.7%, respectively, in serum, and were 0.8%–7.7% and 94.5%–119.2%, respectively, in CSF. Extraction recovery was 82.7%–90.7% in serum and 68.4%–105.0% in CSF. When analyzed in 26 NMO patients and 23 control patients, the 25-OHC (0.54 ± 0.96 ng/mL vs. 0.09 ± 0.04 ng/mL, p = 0.032) and 27-OHC (2.68 ± 3.18 ng/mL vs. 0.68 ± 0.25 ng/mL, p = 0.005) were increased in the CSF from NMO patients. When we measured the OHCCSF index that controls the effects of blood–brain barrier disruption on the level of OHC in the CSF, the 27-OHCCSF index was associated with disability (0.723; 95% confidence interval (CI)– 0.181, 0.620; p = 0.002), while the 24-OHCCSF index (0.518; 95% CI– 1.070, 38.121; p = 0.040) and 25-OHCCSF index (0.677; 95% CI– 4.313, 18.532; p = 0.004) were associated with the number of white blood cells in the CSF of NMO patients. Our results imply that OHCs in the CNS could play a role in the pathogenesis of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Cha
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JL); (SMK)
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JL); (SMK)
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12
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Jang J, Park S, Jin Hur H, Cho HJ, Hwang I, Pyo Kang Y, Im I, Lee H, Lee E, Yang W, Kang HC, Won Kwon S, Yu JW, Kim DW. 25-hydroxycholesterol contributes to cerebral inflammation of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13129. [PMID: 27779191 PMCID: PMC5093305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), caused by an ABCD1 mutation, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Cerebral inflammatory demyelination is the major feature of childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD), the most severe form of ALD, but its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we identify the aberrant production of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in the cellular context of CCALD based on the analysis of ALD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and ex vivo fibroblasts. Intriguingly, 25-HC, but not VLCFA, promotes robust NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation via potassium efflux-, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated pathways. Furthermore, stereotaxic injection of 25-HC into the corpus callosum of mouse brains induces microglial recruitment, interleukin-1β production, and oligodendrocyte cell death in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that 25-HC mediates the neuroinflammation of X-ALD via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The mechanism underlying neuroinflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is poorly understood. Here authors identify aberrant production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in ALD patient-derived cells, and show that 25-HC mediates neuroinflammation via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Jang
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Isak Im
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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13
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Hu S, Wang D, Zhang J, Du M, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang D, Wu Y. Mitochondria Related Pathway Is Essential for Polysaccharides Purified from Sparassis crispa Mediated Neuro-Protection against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in Differentiated PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020133. [PMID: 26821016 PMCID: PMC4783876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the neuro-protective effects of purified Sparassis crispa polysaccharides against l-glutamic acid (l-Glu)-induced differentiated PC12 (DPC12) cell damages and its underlying mechanisms. The Sparassis crispa water extract was purified by a DEAE-52 cellulose anion exchange column and a Sepharose G-100 column. A fraction with a molecular weight of 75 kDa and a diameter of 88.9 nm, entitled SCWEA, was obtained. SCWEA was identified with a triple helix with (1→3)-linked Rha in the backbone, and (1→2) linkages and (1→6) linkages in the side bone. Our results indicated that the pre-treatment of DPC12 cells with SCWEA prior to l-Glu exposure effectively reversed the reduction on cell viability (by 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay) and reduced l-Glu-induced apoptosis (by Hoechst staining). SCWEA decreased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, blocked Ca2+ influx and prevented depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential in DPC12 cells. Furthermore, SCWEA normalized expression of anti-apoptotic proteins in l-Glu-explored DPC12 cells. These results suggested that SCWEA protects against l-Glu-induced neuronal apoptosis in DPC12 cells and may be a promising candidate for treatment against neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Junrong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Mengyan Du
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yingkun Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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14
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Adiguzel Z, Arda N, Kacar O, Serhatli M, Gezer Tas S, Baykal AT, Baysal K, Acilan C. Evaluation of apoptotic molecular pathways for smooth muscle cells isolated from thoracic aortic aneurysms in response to oxidized sterols. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7875-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Liu B, Tang J, Li S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Dong X. Involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway and cell apoptosis in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:70-5. [PMID: 25206374 PMCID: PMC4107493 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by examining β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β protein expression in the rat hippocampal CA1 region following acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Our results demonstrate that cell apoptosis increases in the CA1 region following ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β protein expression gradually increases, peaking at 48 hours following reperfusion. Dickkopf-1 administration, after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, results in decreased cell apoptosis, and β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β expression, in the CA1 region. This suggests that β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, both components of the Wnt signaling pathway, participate in cell apoptosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Tang
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shiying Li
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoliu Dong
- First Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
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16
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Chalubinski M, Zemanek K, Skowron W, Wojdan K, Gorzelak P, Broncel M. The effect of 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol on the integrity of the human aortic endothelial and intestinal epithelial barriers. Inflamm Res 2014; 62:1015-23. [PMID: 24077843 PMCID: PMC3826051 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The damage of barrtier tissues, such as the vascular endothelium and intestinal epithelium, may lead to disturbances of local immune homeostasis. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the effect of oxidized cholesterols (7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol) on the barrier properties of human primary aortic endothelium (HAEC) and intestinal epithelium Caco-2 cells using a realtime cell electric impedance sensing system (RTCA-DP). MATERIALS AND METHODS HAEC and Caco-2 cells were stimulated with 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol by the RTCA-DP system. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and cell monolayer morphology was assessed under a light microscope. RESULTS 7-ketocholesterol decreased impedance (nCI) in both the endothelium and epithelium. However, the decrease was more profound in the endothelium. Similarly, although 25-hydroxycholesterol decreased nCI in both the endothelium and epithelium, the effect was weaker than that of 7-ketocholesterol, which caused extensive damage to the endothelial monolayer, while 25-hydroxycholesterol caused partial damage and did not affect the epithelial monolayer. 7-ketocholesterol, but not 25-hydroxycholesterol, increased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased the viability of endothelial cells. However, 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol decreased epithelial cell apoptosis and increased viability. CONCLUSION Oxidized cholesterols destroy the HAEC, but not the Caco-2 epithelial barrier, via cell apoptosis dependent on the site of oxidation. Damage to the endothelium by oxidized cholesterol may disrupt local homeostasis and provide open access to inner parts of the vascular wall for lipids, other peripheral blood-derived agents, and immune cells, leading to inflammation and atherogenesis.
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17
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Delphinidin Ameliorates Beta-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Calcium Influx and Tau Hyperphosphorylation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1685-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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de Weille J, Fabre C, Bakalara N. Oxysterols in cancer cell proliferation and death. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:154-60. [PMID: 23500545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols have been shown to interfere with proliferation and cause the death of many cancer cell types, such as leukaemia, glioblastoma, colon, breast and prostate cancer cells, while they have little or no effect on senescent cells. The mechanisms by which oxysterols may influence proliferation are manifold: they control the transcription and the turnover of the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, by binding to Insig-1, Insig-2 and liver X receptors. Oxysterols are thought to be generated in proportion to the rate of cholesterol synthesis. Although there is no consensus about the mechanism by which these oxysterols are generated in vivo, it clearly has to be ubiquitous. The 25- and the 27-cholesterol hydroxylases, present in almost all tissues, are possible candidates. Cholesterol uptake from lipoproteins, intracellular vesicle transport and lipid transfer are also modified by oxysterols. Oxysterols interfere with ERK, hedgehog and wnt pathways of proliferation and differentiation. When administered in vitro to cancer cell lines, oxysterols invariably both slow down proliferation and provoke cell death. Perhaps is it sufficient to stop proliferation of a cancer to provoke its eradication. Therefore, the two facets of oxysterol action that seem important for cancer treatment, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Weille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, U1051 INSERM, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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19
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On the formation and possible biological role of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Biochimie 2013; 95:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Zhang H, Mak S, Cui W, Li W, Han R, Hu S, Ye M, Pi R, Han Y. Tacrine(2)–ferulic acid, a novel multifunctional dimer, attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating Akt pathway. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Lappano R, Recchia AG, De Francesco EM, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Picard D, Maggiolini M. The cholesterol metabolite 25-hydroxycholesterol activates estrogen receptor α-mediated signaling in cancer cells and in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16631. [PMID: 21304949 PMCID: PMC3031608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydroxylated derivatives of cholesterol, such as the oxysterols, play important roles in lipid metabolism. In particular, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25 HC) has been implicated in a variety of metabolic events including cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis. 25 HC is detectable in human plasma after ingestion of a meal rich in oxysterols and following a dietary cholesterol challenge. In addition, the levels of oxysterols, including 25 HC, have been found to be elevated in hypercholesterolemic serum. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we demonstrate that the estrogen receptor (ER) α mediates gene expression changes and growth responses induced by 25 HC in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, 25 HC exhibits the ERα-dependent ability like 17 β-estradiol (E2) to inhibit the up-regulation of HIF-1α and connective tissue growth factor by hypoxic conditions in cardiomyocytes and rat heart preparations and to prevent the hypoxia-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The estrogen action exerted by 25 HC may be considered as an additional factor involved in the progression of breast and ovarian tumors. Moreover, the estrogen-like activity of 25 HC elicited in the cardiovascular system may play a role against hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | | | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Didier Picard
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- * E-mail:
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22
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Gieseg SP, Amit Z, Yang YT, Shchepetkina A, Katouah H. Oxidant production, oxLDL uptake, and CD36 levels in human monocyte–derived macrophages are downregulated by the macrophage-generated antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1525-34. [PMID: 20408759 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The severity of atheroma burden in patients strongly correlates to increasing levels of plasma neopterin, the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Interferon-γ stimulation of macrophages causes the synthesis of 7,8-dihydroneopterin, a potent antioxidant that inhibits oxidative damage to cells, and the cytotoxicity of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to monocyte-like U937 cells but not THP-1 cells. With human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), oxLDL triggered a large oxidative stress, causing the rapid loss of cellular glutathione, glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inhibition, and eventual loss of viability without caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of oxLDL cytotoxicity to HMDMs occurred at 7,8-dihydroneopterin concentrations >100 μM. The oxLDL-mediated glutathione loss and GAPDH inactivation was inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin rapidly entered the HMDMs, suggesting that much of the protective effect was scavenging of intracellular oxidants generated in response to oxLDL. OxLDL uptake by HMDMs was reduced by 30% by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Immunoblot analysis suggests that this decrease in oxLDL uptake was due to a significant downregulation in the levels of CD36. These results imply that 7,8-dihydroneopterin protects human macrophages both by scavenging oxidants generated in response to oxLDL and by decreasing CD36-mediated uptake of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Rasola A, Sciacovelli M, Pantic B, Bernardi P. Signal transduction to the permeability transition pore. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1989-96. [PMID: 20153328 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is an inner mitochondrial membrane channel that has been thoroughly characterized functionally, yet remains an elusive molecular entity. The best characterized PTP-regulatory component, cyclophilin (CyP) D, is a matrix protein that favors pore opening. CyP inhibitors, CyP-D null animals, and in situ PTP readouts have established the role of PTP as an effector mechanism of cell death, and the growing definition of PTP signalling mechanisms. This review briefly covers the functional features of the PTP and the role played by its dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Recent progress on PTP modulation by kinase/phosphatase signal transduction is discussed, with specific emphasis on hexokinase and on the Akt-ERK-GSK3 axis, which might modulate the PTP through CyP-D phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
Oxysterols are biologically active molecules that result from the oxidation of cholesterol. Several oxysterols are found in macrophages and macrophage-derived 'foam cells' in atherosclerotic tissue. Lipophilic oxysterols penetrate cell membranes and, therefore, their concentrations can reach harmful levels in endothelial and smooth muscle cells located in close proximity to the atherosclerotic plaques or inflammatory zones. New findings suggest that the effects of oxysterols on cardiomyocytes can lead to cell hypertrophy and death. This may make oxysterols one of the major factors precipitating morbidity in atherosclerosis-induced cardiac diseases and inflammation-induced heart complications. The pathological actions of oxysterols on muscle cells were shown to depend on dysfunctional Ca(2+) signaling; however, the mechanisms of the effects remain to be elucidated. Understanding the effects of oxysterols could lead to therapies that modulate malfunction of cardiomyocytes. This review discusses the experimental findings and the relevance of oxysterols to heart failure, and suggests strategies for important future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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