1
|
Liu H, Du Y, Zhan D, Yu W, Li Y, Wang A, Yin J, Cao H, Fu Y. Oxaliplatin lipidated prodrug synergistically enhances the anti-colorectal cancer effect of IL12 mRNA. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01540-x. [PMID: 38457025 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer in the world, with the second highest incidence rate after lung cancer. Oxaliplatin (OXA) is a broad-spectrum anti-tumor agent with significant therapeutic efficacy in colorectal cancer, and as a divalent platinum analog, it is not selective in its distribution in the body and has systemic toxicity with continued use. Interleukin-12 (IL12) is an immunostimulatory cytokine with cytokine monotherapy that has made advances in the fight against cancer, limiting the clinical use of cytokines due to severe toxicity. Here, we introduced a long alkyl chain and N-methyl-2,2-diaminodiethylamine to the ligand of OXA to obtain OXA-LIP, which effectively reduces its toxicity and improves the uptake of the drug by tumor cells. We successfully constructed IL12 mRNA and used LNPs to deliver IL12 mRNA, and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that OXA-LIP combined with IL12 mRNA had better tumor inhibition and higher biosafety. In addition, it was investigated by pharmacokinetic experiments that the OXA-LIP drug could accumulate in nude mice at the tumor site, which prolonged the half-life and enhanced the anti-tumor efficiency of OXA. It is hoped that these results will provide an important reference for the subsequent research and development of OXA-LIP with IL12 mRNA, as well as provide new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yating Du
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Desheng Zhan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jianpeng Yin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
| | - Yuanlei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs, Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu Y, Kong Y, Li X, Cheng D, Hou Y, Li Y, Li T, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Rong R. Novel Pt(IV) prodrug self-assembled nanoparticles with enhanced blood circulation stability and improved antitumor capacity of oxaliplatin for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2171158. [PMID: 36744299 PMCID: PMC9904295 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2171158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pt(IV) compounds are regarded as prodrugs of active Pt(II) drugs (i.e. cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and burgeoned as the most ideal candidates to substitute Pt(II) anticancer drugs with severe side effects. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been widely introduced to deliver Pt(IV) prodrugs more effectively and safely to tumors, but clinical outcomes were unpredictable owing to limited in vivo pharmacokinetics understanding. Herein, a novel Pt(IV) prodrug of oxaliplatin(OXA) was synthesized and prepared as self-assembled micellar nanoparticles(PEG-OXA NPs). In vitro, PEG-OXA NPs rapidly released biologically active OXA within 5 min in tumor cells while remaining extremely stable in whole blood or plasma. Importantly, the pharmacokinetic results showed that the AUC0-∞, and t1/2 values of PEG-OXA NPs were 1994 ± 117 h·µg/mL and 3.28 ± 0.28 h, respectively, which were much higher than that of free OXA solution (2.03 ± 0.55 h·µg/mL and 0.16 ± 0.07 h), indicating the longer drug circulation of PEG-OXA NPs in vivo. The altered pharmacokinetic behavior of PEG-OXA NPs remarkably contributed to improve antitumor efficacy, decrease systemic toxicity and increase tumor growth inhibition compared to free OXA. These findings establish that PEG-OXA NPs have the potential to offer a desirable self-delivery platform of platinum drugs for anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dongfang Cheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqian Hou
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tongfang Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yani Xiao
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China,CONTACT Qiuyan Zhang
| | - Rong Rong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, Shandong, China,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China,Rong Rong
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khandelwal S, Devi NR, Subramaniyan M, Pappu S. Physicochemical characterization and therapeutic potential of ink from squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:418. [PMID: 38031590 PMCID: PMC10682348 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana ink was used as a raw material. It summarizes physicochemical, elemental, and spectral properties (UV/Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR) of crude ink, whereas the biochemical analysis was performed with crude ink (CI) as well as melanin-free ink (MFI). The percentage yield was analyzed using various solvent extracts of CI and MFI. GC-MS was performed for the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of ink. Furthermore, the methanolic extract was subjected to various biological applications. The physicochemical analysis defines the presence of moisture, ash, extractive value, solubility, and thermal stability of CI. The biochemical analysis reveals protein, lipid, and carbohydrate of 2.5, 2.2, and 2.37 mg/ml for CI and 2.8, 3.7, and 4.51 mg/ml for MFI respectively. The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition at 100 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity reveals the highest percentage of radical-scavenging activity in nitric oxide (NO) (89%), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay showed the highest inhibition activity of 0.41 nm at 100 µg/ml. The cytotoxic ability of methanolic extract against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed an IC50 value of 10.13 μg/ml. Toxicity assay showed increased mortality of Artemia nauplii at higher concentrations (1000 ppm/40%) of extract. These findings indicate that S. lessoniana ink is a novel prospective product that needs to be characterized in order to increase its pharmacological activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sital Khandelwal
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Naorem Rojita Devi
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Muthumari Subramaniyan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Srinivasan Pappu
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alavi SE, Raza A, Koohi Moftakhari Esfahani M, Akbarzadeh A, Abdollahi SH, Ebrahimi Shahmabadi H. Carboplatin Niosomal Nanoplatform for Potentiated Chemotherapy. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3029-3037. [PMID: 35675875 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize a stable nano-niosome formulation, which could reduce the adverse effects of carboplatin (CB) and improve its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. For this purpose, CB-loaded polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated niosome nanoparticles (PEG-NS-CB) were synthesized using the reverse-phase evaporation method. PEG-NS-CB (226.0 ± 10.6 nm) could release CB in a controlled manner and, compared to CB and CB-loaded non-PEGylated niosome (NS-CB), caused higher cytotoxicity effects against mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells (IC50: 83.4, 26.6, and 22.5 µM for CB, NS-CB, and PEG-NS-CB, respectively). Also, PEG-NS-CB demonstrated higher stability, in which its profile of drug release, cytotoxicity, and LE% did not change significantly three months after preparation compared to those at the production time. In addition, the in vivo results demonstrated that PEG-NS-CB caused higher therapeutic (the number of alive mice: 12, 15, and 17 out of 20 in CB, NS-CB, and PEG-NS-CB receiver groups, respectively) and less toxicity effects (weight loss of 17, 12.5, and 10% in CB, NS-CB, and PEG-NS-CB receiver groups, respectively), compared to NS-CB and CB in breast cancer-bearing mice. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PEG-NS-CB could be a promising formulation for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Maedeh Koohi Moftakhari Esfahani
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Azim Akbarzadeh
- Department of Pilot Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Abdollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Law SK, Wang Y, Lu X, Au DCT, Chow WYL, Leung AWN, Xu C. Chinese medicinal herbs as potential prodrugs for obesity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016004. [PMID: 36263142 PMCID: PMC9573959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading worldwide health threat with ever-growing prevalence, it promotes the incidence of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to control body weight and treat obesity for thousands of years, Chinese medicinal herbs provide a rich natural source of effective agents against obesity. However, some problems such as complex active ingredients, poor quality control, and unclear therapeutic mechanisms still need to be investigated and resolved. Prodrugs provide a path forward to overcome TCM deficiencies such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, and toxicity. This article aimed to review the possible prodrugs from various medicinal plants that demonstrate beneficial effects on obesity and seek to offer insights on prodrug design as well as a solution to the global obesity issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kan Law
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinchen Lu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dawn Ching Tung Au
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wesley Yeuk Lung Chow
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chuanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu C, Yao S, Jiang P, Wang C, Hu J, Wan J, Hu Z, Wang B. Nanoarchitectured Graphene Organic Framework for Drug Delivery and Chemo-photothermal Synergistic Therapy. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:751-763. [PMID: 35699979 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of phototherapy and chemotherapy has received extensive attention in the field of cancer therapy. Hence, graphene organic framework (GOF) with a large d-spacing was prepared by solvothermal method, and a novel nanocomposite based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was developed, which effectively achieved a photothermal-chemotherapy synergistic treatment. When the feeding ratio was 1:1.6, the DOX loading capacity was 18.51%, and the GOF-BSA/DOX nanocomposite possessed unobvious pH response characteristic, as well as the cumulative release of DOX reached 54.17% at 42°C in the acidic environment (pH = 5.0). The nanocarriers also showed excellent photothermal property and photothermal stability in vitro. In addition, under 808 nm near-infrared laser (NIR) irradiation, the GOF-BSA/DOX nanocomposites generated a large amount of heat, which significantly enhanced the synergistic antitumor effect of in vitro photothermal-chemotherapy. Furthermore, the GOF-BSA/DOX nanocomposites exhibited significantly increased cytotoxicity in the NIR compared with chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, suggesting that the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy has excellent antitumor capacity. Therefore, porous GOF nanocarriers may have great potential in combined anti-tumour therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Xu
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Yao
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Wang
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wan
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu Y, Wang B, Sun M, Zhang Y, Hou L, Wang S, Chen T, Yang F, Ma Z. Lysosomal activable Vorinostat carrier-prodrug self-assembling with BPQDs enables photothermal oncotherapy to reverse tumor thermotolerance and metastasis. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121580. [PMID: 35202725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is becoming increasing prevalent in clinic for eradicating the primary tumor and improving cancer patients' compliance. However, photothermal resistance and distal metastasis still haunt the tumor treatment with PTT. Herein, on the basis that histone deacetylase acetylase inhibitor (HDACis) could activate the expression of anti-tumor gene and accelerate the differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells, we propose that HDACis supplementing PTT could overcome those obstacles with appropriate drug-controlled release strategy. Thus, we fabricated a nano-complex of lysosomal activable vorinostat (SAHA) carrier-prodrug encapsulating black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs@PPS) to counter those challenges in PTT. With spherical morphology and favorable bio-safety, BPQDs@PPS could release BPQDs and Vorinostat spontaneously in lysosome, not only effectively inhibiting tumor growth, but also reversing tumor thermotolerance and metastasis within a PTT procedure. Especially, both western blot and immunofluorescence analysis validate that Vorinostat enables PTT to reverse tumor thermotolerance and distal metastasis by down-regulation of HSP70 and up-regulation of H3. Therefore, this research not only reveals the mechanism how HDACis supplement PTT in reversing tumor thermotolerance and metastasis, but also provides a promising prospect to upgrade clinical photothermal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingkai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|