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Nguyen PHD, Jayasinghe MK, Le AH, Peng B, Le MTN. Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells and Their Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5187-5210. [PMID: 36896898 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC membrane-derived nanoparticles have been historically developed as bioinspired drug delivery systems to combat the issues of premature clearance, toxicity, and immunogenicity of synthetic nanocarriers. RBC-based delivery systems possess characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulation time, which make them suited for systemic administration. Therefore, they have been employed in designing optimal drug formulations in various preclinical models and clinical trials to treat a wide range of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology, synthesis, and characterization of drug delivery systems based on RBCs and their membrane including whole RBCs, RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles, RBC-derived extracellular vesicles, and RBC hitchhiking. We also highlight conventional and latest engineering strategies, along with various therapeutic modalities, for enhanced precision and effectiveness of drug delivery. Additionally, we focus on the current state of RBC-based therapeutic applications and their clinical translation as drug carriers, as well as discussing opportunities and challenges associated with these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hoang Diem Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Migara Kavishka Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Anh Hong Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Boya Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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Surface loading of nanoparticles on engineered or natural erythrocytes for prolonged circulation time: strategies and applications. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1040-1054. [PMID: 33772141 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano drug-delivery systems (DDS) may significantly improve efficiency and reduce toxicity of loaded drugs, but a few nano-DDS are highly successful in clinical use. Unprotected nanoparticles in blood flow are often quickly cleared, which could limit their circulation time and drug delivery efficiency. Elongating their blood circulation time may improve their delivery efficiency or grant them new therapeutic possibilities. Erythrocytes are abundant endogenous cells in blood and are continuously renewed, with a long life span of 100-120 days. Hence, loading nanoparticles on the surface of erythrocytes to protect the nanoparticles could be highly effective for enhancing their in vivo circulation time. One of the key questions here is how to properly attach nanoparticles on erythrocytes for different purposes and different types of nanoparticles to achieve ideal results. In this review, we describe various methods to attach nanoparticles and drugs to the erythrocyte surface, and discuss the key factors that influence the stability and circulation properties of the erythrocytes-based delivery system in vivo. These data show that using erythrocytes as a host for nanoparticles possesses great potential for further development.
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Bax BE. Erythrocytes as Carriers of Therapeutic Enzymes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E435. [PMID: 32397259 PMCID: PMC7284836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes are administered for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. They exert their effects through binding with a high affinity and specificity to disease-causing substrates to catalyze their conversion to a non-noxious product, to induce an advantageous physiological change. However, the metabolic and clinical efficacies of parenterally or intramuscularly administered therapeutic enzymes are very often limited by short circulatory half-lives and hypersensitive and immunogenic reactions. Over the past five decades, the erythrocyte carrier has been extensively studied as a strategy for overcoming these limitations and increasing therapeutic efficacy. This review examines the rationale for the different therapeutic strategies that have been applied to erythrocyte-mediated enzyme therapy. These strategies include their application as circulating bioreactors, targeting the monocyte-macrophage system, the coupling of enzymes to the surface of the erythrocyte and the engineering of CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells for the expression of therapeutic enzymes. An overview of the diverse biomedical applications for which they have been investigated is also provided, including the detoxification of exogenous chemicals, thrombolytic therapy, enzyme replacement therapy for metabolic diseases and antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Koleva L, Bovt E, Ataullakhanov F, Sinauridze E. Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E276. [PMID: 32197542 PMCID: PMC7151026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery using natural biological carriers, especially erythrocytes, is a rapidly developing field. Such erythrocytes can act as carriers that prolong the drug's action due to its gradual release from the carrier; as bioreactors with encapsulated enzymes performing the necessary reactions, while remaining inaccessible to the immune system and plasma proteases; or as a tool for targeted drug delivery to target organs, primarily to cells of the reticuloendothelial system, liver and spleen. To date, erythrocytes have been studied as carriers for a wide range of drugs, such as enzymes, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs, etc., and for diagnostic purposes (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging). The review focuses only on drugs loaded inside erythrocytes, defines the main lines of research for erythrocytes with bioactive substances, as well as the advantages and limitations of their application. Particular attention is paid to in vivo studies, opening-up the potential for the clinical use of drugs encapsulated into erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Koleva
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Bovt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Fazoil Ataullakhanov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Sinauridze
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
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Vardar G, Attar A, Yapaoz MA. Development of urea biosensor using non-covalent complexes of urease with aldehyde derivative of PEG and analysis on serum samples. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:868-875. [PMID: 31219372 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1630650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-covalent complexes of urease/polyethylene glycol (PEG)-aldehyde were synthesized using regular molar ratios of urease and PEG-aldehyde at room temperature. The physical properties of the non-covalent complexes were analyzed in order to investigate the impact of coupling ratio, temperature, pH, storage stability, and thermal stability. Urease activity was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 630 nm. The results showed that the strongest thermal resistance was obtained using nU/nPEG:1/1 (mg/mL) complex within all molar ratios tested. The enzymatic activity of nU/nPEG:1/1 complex doubled the activity of the free enzyme. Therefore, this complex was chosen to be used in the analyses. When coupled with PEG-aldehyde, urease exhibited improved activity between pH 4.0-9.0 and the optimum pH was found to be 7.0. The thermal inactivation results of the complex demonstrated that higher activity remained (40%) when compared with the free enzyme (10%) at 60 °C. The storage stability of the non-covalent complex was 4 weeks which was greater than the storage stability of the free enzyme. A kinetic model was suggested in order to reveal the mechanism of enzymatic conversion. Potentiometric urea biosensor was prepared using two different membranes: carboxylated poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and palmitic acid containing PVC. The potentiometric responses of both sensors were tested against pH and temperature and the best results were obtained at pH 7.0 and 20-30 °C. Also, selectivity of the suggested biosensors toward Na+, Li+ Ca2+, and K+ ions was evaluated and the reproducibility responses of the urea biosensors were measured with acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokay Vardar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Azade Attar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Melda Altikatoglu Yapaoz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Argocytes containing enzyme nanoparticles reduce toxic concentrations of arginine in the blood. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:406-8. [PMID: 22866323 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for incorporation of arginase nanoparticles into mouse erythrocytes has been developed and the possibility of reducing blood arginine concentration in animals with experimental hyperargininemia with arginase-loaded erythrocytes (argocytes) has been studied. Argocyte infusion to animals with hyperargininemia led to a rapid decrease in blood arginine concentration within 1 h and this effect of argocytes persisted for at least 4 h. This was paralleled by an increase in plasma concentrations of urea and ornithine. Hence, plasma arginine is hydrolyzed by arginase incorporated into argocytes; argocytes are functionally active and can serve as a defense system in pathological hyperargininemia, while the method developed by us can be regarded as a new nanobiotechnology for medicine and veterinary.
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Muzykantov VR. Drug delivery by red blood cells: vascular carriers designed by mother nature. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:403-27. [PMID: 20192900 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003610633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Vascular delivery of several classes of therapeutic agents may benefit from carriage by red blood cells (RBC), for example, drugs that require delivery into phagocytic cells and those that must act within the vascular lumen. The fact that several protocols of infusion of RBC-encapsulated drugs are now being explored in patients illustrates a high biomedical importance for the field. AREAS COVERED BY THIS REVIEW: Two strategies for RBC drug delivery are discussed: encapsulation into isolated RBC ex vivo followed by infusion in compatible recipients and coupling therapeutics to the surface of RBC. Studies of pharmacokinetics and effects in animal models and in human studies of diverse therapeutic enzymes, antibiotics and other drugs encapsulated in RBC are described and critically analyzed. Coupling to RBC surface of compounds regulating immune response and complement, affinity ligands, polyethylene glycol alleviating immune response to donor RBC and fibrinolytic plasminogen activators are described. Also described is a new, translation-prone approach for RBC drug delivery by injection of therapeutics conjugated with fragments of antibodies providing safe anchoring of cargoes to circulating RBC, without need for ex vivo modification and infusion of RBC. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will gain historical perspective, current status, challenges and perspectives of medical applications of RBC for drug delivery. TAKE HOME MESSAGE RBC represent naturally designed carriers for intravascular drug delivery, characterized by unique longevity in the bloodstream, biocompatibility and safe physiological mechanisms for metabolism. New approaches for encapsulating drugs into RBC and coupling to RBC surface provide promising avenues for safe and widely useful improvement of drug delivery in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Muzykantov
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, IFEM, One John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA.
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