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He M, Li K, Yang J, Wang Q, Gu J. Photodynamic and Its Concomitant Ion-Interference Synergistic Therapies Based on Functional Hierarchically Mesoporous MOFs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204295. [PMID: 36031397 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although ion-interference therapy (IIT) has become an intriguing option for cancer treatment, the generation of interference ions on-demand remains a challenge. Herein, a nanoplatform based on hierarchically mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (HMMOFs) is adopted to integrate black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) to realize controllable phosphate anions (PAs) production in a specific cancerous region for IIT. The uniform large mesopores of HMMOFs could guarantee the selective screening and immobilization of ultra-small and monodispersed BPQDs. The TCPP in microporous domains of HMMOFs could effectively produce 1 O2 , which not only serves as photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), but also switches on the release of PAs from BPQDs in the adjacent mesoporous domains to trigger the concomitant synergetic IIT. The elaborated nanoplatform (BP@HMUiO-66-TCPP) presents good biocompatibility, biodegradability as well as enhanced synergetic therapeutic effects. In murine models treated with BP@HMUiO-66-TCPP, the tumor inhibition rate is as high as ≈98.24% as compared to that of the control group after 14 days treatment. Moreover, the tumor volumes in the synergetic group are only 19.6% of those in the PDT alone treated group. Such a concept of exogenous photo-controlled synergistic therapeutics might be extended to a broad range of IIT for an improved antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinlou Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Muller L, Jackson SN, Woods AS. Histidine, the less interactive cousin of arginine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:212-218. [PMID: 31018697 PMCID: PMC8269955 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718791793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions are one of the main factors influencing biomolecular conformation. The formation of noncovalent complexes by electrostatic interactions is governed by certain amino acid residues and post-translational modifications. It has been demonstrated that adjacent arginine forms noncovalent complex with phosphate; however, histidine noncovalent complexes have rarely been investigated. In the present work, we compare the interaction between basic epitopes (NLRRITRVN, SHHGLHSTPD) and diverse acidic and aromatic-rich peptides using both MALDI and ESI Mass spectrometry. We show that adjacent histidines can also form stable noncovalent bonds and that those bonds are probably formed by a salt bridge between the phosphate or the acid residues and the histidines. However, noncovalent complexes with the arginine epitopes form more readily and are stronger than those with histidine-containing epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina S. Woods
- corresponding author: Amina S. Woods, Ph.D., NIDA IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel: 443-740-2747, Fax: 443-740-2144,
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Kovacic P. Novel electrostatic mechanism for mode of action by N-acetylated proteins: cell signaling and phosphorylation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:193-8. [PMID: 21619447 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.577784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive literature exists for N-acetylated proteins, scant knowledge is available concerning resultant mode of action. This review presents a novel mechanism based on electrostatics and cell signaling. There is substantial increase in the amide dipole and electrostatic field (EF) in contrast with the primary amino of the lysine precursor. The EF might serve as a bridge in electron transfer and cell signaling or energetics may play a role. The relationship between N-acetylation and phosphorylation is addressed. EFs may be important in the case of phosphates. Involvement of cell signaling is addressed including mechanistic aspects. As is the case for many aspects of bioaction, an integrated approach involving electrochemistry and cell signaling seems reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Willsky GR, Chi LH, Godzala M, Kostyniak PJ, Smee JJ, Trujillo AM, Alfano JA, Ding W, Hu Z, Crans DC. Anti-diabetic effects of a series of vanadium dipicolinate complexes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Coord Chem Rev 2011; 255:2258-2269. [PMID: 23049138 PMCID: PMC3461829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oral treatment of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes with a range of vanadium dipicolinate complexes (Vdipic) and derivatives are reviewed. Structure-reactivity relationships are explored aiming to correlate properties such as stability, to their insulin-enhancing effects. Three types of modifications are investigated; first, substitutions on the aromatic ring, second, coordination of a hydroxylamido group to the vanadium, and third, changes in the oxidation state of the vanadium ion. These studies allowed us to address the importance of coordination chemistry, and redox chemistry, as modes of action. Dipicolinate was originally chosen as a ligand because the dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) complex (V5dipic), is a potent inhibitor of phosphatases. The effect of vanadium oxidation state (3, 4 or 5), on the insulin-enhancing properties was studied in both the Vdipic and VdipicCl series. Effects on blood glucose, body weight, serum lipids, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase were selectively monitored. Statistically distinct differences in activity were found, however, the trends observed were not the same in the Vdipic and VdipicCl series. Interperitoneal administration of the Vdipic series was used to compare the effect of administration mode. Correlations were observed for blood vanadium and plasma glucose levels after V5dipic treatment, but not after treatment with corresponding V4dipic and V3dipic complexes. Modifications of the aromatic ring structure with chloride, amine or hydroxyl groups had limited effects. Global gene expression was measured using Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips. All diabetic animals treated with hydroxyl substituted V5dipic (V5dipicOH) and some diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate had normalized hyperlipidemia yet uncontrolled hyperglycemia and showed abnormal gene expression patterns. In contrast to the normal gene expression profiles previously reported for some diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate, where both hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia were normalized. Modification of the metal, changing the coordination chemistry to form a hydroxylamine ternary complex, had the most influence on the anti-diabetic action. Vanadium absorption into serum was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy for selected vanadium complexes. Only diabetic rats treated with the ternary V5dipicOH hydroxylamine complex showed statistically significant increases in accumulation of vanadium into serum compared to diabetic rats treated with vanadyl sulfate. The chemistry and physical properties of the Vdipic complexes correlated with their anti-diabetic properties. Here, we propose that compound stability and ability to interact with cellular redox reactions are key components for the insulin-enhancing activity of vanadium compounds. Specifically, we found that the most overall effective anti-diabetic Vdipic compounds were obtained when the compound administered had an increased coordination number in the vanadium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail R. Willsky
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Lai-Har Chi
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Michael Godzala
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Paul J. Kostyniak
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Jason J. Smee
- Present Address: Dept of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | | | - Josephine A. Alfano
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Wenjin Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Hu
- University at Buffalo, Center for Computational Research, Buffalo NY USA
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Zolpidem, a clinical hypnotic that affects electronic transfer, alters synaptic activity through potential GABA receptors in the nervous system without significant free radical generation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:52-7. [PMID: 20046645 PMCID: PMC2763231 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.1.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zolpidem (trade name Ambien) has attracted much interest as a sleep-inducing agent and also in research. Attention has been centered mainly on receptor binding and electrochemistry in the central nervous system which are briefly addressed herein. A novel integrated approach to mode of action is presented. The pathways to be discussed involve basicity, reduction potential, electrostatics, cell signaling, GABA receptor binding, electron transfer (ET), pharmacodynamics, structure activity relationships (SAR) and side effects. The highly conjugated pyridinium salt formed by protonation of the amidine moiety is proposed to be the active form acting as an ET agent. Extrapolation of reduction potentials for related compounds supports the premise that zolpidem may act as an ET species in vivo. From recent literature reports, electrostatics is believed to play a significant role in drug action. The pyridinium cation displays molecular electrostatic potential which may well play a role energetically or as a bridging mechanism. An SAR analysis points to analogy with other physiologically active xenobiotics, namely benzodiazepines and paraquat in the conjugated iminium category. Inactivity of metabolites indicates that the parent is the active form of zolpidem. Absence of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress is in line with minor side effects. In contrast, generally, the prior literature contains essentially no discussion of these fundamental biochemical relationships. Pharmacodynamics may play an important role. Concerning behavior at the blood-brain barrier, useful insight can be gained from investigations of the related cationic anesthetics that are structurally related to acetyl choline. Evidently, the neutral form of the drug penetrates the neuronal membrane, with the salt form operating at the receptor. The pathways of zolpidem have several clinical implications since the agent affects sedation, electroencephalographic activity, oxidative metabolites and receptors in the central nervous system. The drug acts at the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine site, displaying high and intermediate affinities to various receptor regions. Structural features for tight binding were determined. The sedative and anticonvulsant activities are due to its action on the alpha-1-GABA(A) receptors. One of the common adverse responses to zolpidem is hallucinations. Proposed mechanisms comprise changes in the GABA(A) receptor, pharmacodynamic interactions involving serotonin and neuronal-weak photon emission processes entailing redox phenomena. Reports cite cases of abuse with cravings based on anxiolytic and stimulating actions. It is important to recognize that insight concerning processes at the fundamental, molecular level can translate into beneficial results involving both positive and adverse side effects. In order for this to occur, interdisciplinary interaction is necessary. Suggestions are made for future research aimed at testing the various hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, USA.
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Multifaceted approach to resveratrol bioactivity: Focus on antioxidant action, cell signaling and safety. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:86-100. [PMID: 20716933 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.2.11147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RVT) is a naturally occurring trihydroxy stilbene that displays a wide spectrum of physiological activity. Its ability to behave therapeutically as a component of red wine has attracted wide attention. The phenol acts as a protective agent involving various body constituents. Most attention has been given to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, aging, cardiovascular system, inflammation and the central nervous system. One of the principal modes of action appears to be as antioxidant. Other mechanistic pathways entail cell signaling, apoptosis and gene expression. There is an intriguing dichotomy in relation to pro-oxidant property. Also discussed are metabolism, receptor binding, rationale for safety and suggestions for future work. This is the first comprehensive review of RVT based on a broad, unifying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Lawson VA, Lumicisi B, Welton J, Machalek D, Gouramanis K, Klemm HM, Stewart JD, Masters CL, Hoke DE, Collins SJ, Hill AF. Glycosaminoglycan sulphation affects the seeded misfolding of a mutant prion protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12351. [PMID: 20808809 PMCID: PMC2925953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accumulation of protease resistant conformers of the prion protein (PrPres) is a key pathological feature of prion diseases. Polyanions, including RNA and glycosaminoglycans have been identified as factors that contribute to the propagation, transmission and pathogenesis of prion disease. Recent studies have suggested that the contribution of these cofactors to prion propagation may be species specific. Methodology/Principal Finding In this study a cell-free assay was used to investigate the molecular basis of polyanion stimulated PrPres formation using brain tissue or cell line derived murine PrP. Enzymatic depletion of endogenous nucleic acids or heparan sulphate (HS) from the PrPC substrate was found to specifically prevent PrPres formation seeded by mouse derived PrPSc. Modification of the negative charge afforded by the sulphation of glycosaminoglycans increased the ability of a familial PrP mutant to act as a substrate for PrPres formation, while having no effect on PrPres formed by wildtype PrP. This difference may be due to the observed differences in the binding of wild type and mutant PrP for glycosaminoglycans. Conclusions/Significance Cofactor requirements for PrPres formation are host species and prion strain specific and affected by disease associated mutations of the prion protein. This may explain both species and strain dependent propagation characteristics and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of familial prion disease. It further highlights the challenge of designing effective therapeutics against a disease which effects a range of mammalian species, caused by range of aetiologies and prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Lawson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (VAL); (AFH)
| | - Brooke Lumicisi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Welton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorothy Machalek
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina Gouramanis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen M. Klemm
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James D. Stewart
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David E. Hoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J. Collins
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (VAL); (AFH)
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Kovacic P, Edwards CL. Hydroxamic acids (therapeutics and mechanism): chemistry, acyl nitroso, nitroxyl, reactive oxygen species, and cell signaling. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 31:10-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.497152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Electromagnetic fields: mechanism, cell signaling, other bioprocesses, toxicity, radicals, antioxidants and beneficial effects. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:214-26. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.488650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kovacic P. Simplifying the complexity of cell signaling in medicine and the life sciences: Radicals and electrochemistry. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:769-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kovacic P, Edwards C. Integrated approach to the mechanisms of thyroid toxins: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, cell signaling, receptors, and antioxidants. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:133-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10799891003702678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kovacic P, Hall ME. Bioelectrochemistry, reactive oxygen species, receptors, and cell signaling: how interrelated? J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:1-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799890903517939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Unifying mechanism for metals in toxicity, carcinogenicity and therapeutic action: integrated approach involving electron transfer, oxidative stress, antioxidants, cell signaling and receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:51-60. [DOI: 10.3109/10799890903582578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Dermal toxicity and environmental contamination: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, cell signaling, and protection by antioxidants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 203:119-138. [PMID: 19957119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Large numbers of chemicals are known to produce diverse types of skin injury, and these substances fit into a wide variety of both organic and inorganic chemical classes. Skin contact with toxins is difficult to avoid, because they are widely distributed, e.g., in industrial substances, agricultural chemicals, household products, and plants. Although various hypotheses have been advanced, there is no universal agreement as to how dermal toxins act to produce their effects. In this review, we provide evidence and numerous literature citations to support the view that oxidative stress (OS) and electron transfer (ET) comprise a portion of a key mechanism, and perhaps unifying theme that underlie the action of dermatotoxins. We apply the concept that ET and OS are key elements in the induction of dermatotoxic effects to all of the main classes of toxins, and to other toxins, as well. We believe it is not coincidental that the vast majority of dermatotoxic substances incorporate recurrent ET chemical functionalities (i.e., quinone, metal complexes, ArNO2, or conjugated iminium), either per se or as metabolites; such entities potentially give rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by redox cycling. However, in some categories, wherein agents cause dermal damage, e.g., peroxides and radiation, it appears that ROS are generated by non-ET routes. As expected, if ET and oxidative process do constitute the mechanistic framework by which most dermal toxins act, then antioxidants (AOs), if present, should prevent or mitigate effects. This is exactly what has been discovered to occur. Because ET and OS either cause or contribute to dermal toxicity, and AOs may offer protection therefrom, policy makers and researchers may be better positioned to prevent human dermatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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Kovacic P, Cooksy AL. Electron transfer as a potential cause of diacetyl toxicity in popcorn lung disease. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 204:133-148. [PMID: 19957235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1440-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diacetyl, a butter-flavoring component, has recently attracted scientific and media attention because it has been implicated as an agent that induces popcorn lung disease in exposed plant workers. This disease, officially referred to as bronchiolitis obliterans, entails exposure-induced compromise to the lung's epithelial barrier function. In this review, we present a novel molecular mechanism (electron transfer, ET) designed to explain how diacetyl and its imine derivatives might interact to produce lung damage. We relate the fact that diacetyl and related compounds possess reduction potentials amenable to electron transfer (ET) in vivo. The electrochemical nature of these toxicants can potentially disrupt normal ET processes, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and participate in cell signaling events. Condensation of diacetyl with protein may also play a role in the toxicity caused by this compound. ET is a common feature of toxic substances, usually involving their metabolites which can operate per se or through reactions that generate ROS and oxidative stress (OS). Examples of agents capable of ET are quinone and metal compounds, aromatic nitro compounds, and iminium salts. Among compounds that generate ET, the alpha-dicarbonyl ET class, of which diacetyl is a member, is much less studied. This review emphasizes diacetyl as an agent that acts through oxidative processes to cause its effects. However, we also treat related substances that appear to act by a similar mechanism. This mechanism forms a theoretical framework capable of describing the mechanism by which diacetyl may induce its effects and is in accord with various physiological activities displayed by other alpha-dicarbonyl substances. Examples of substances that may act by mechanisms similar to that displayed by diacetyl include cyclohexane-1,2-dione, marinopyrroles, reactive carbonyl species, the bacterial signaling agent DPD, and advanced glycation end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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Jackson SN, Dutta S, Woods AS. The use of ECD/ETD to identify the site of electrostatic interaction in noncovalent complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:176-9. [PMID: 18835725 PMCID: PMC2756749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions play an important role in the formation of noncovalent complexes. Our previous work has highlighted the role of certain amino acid residues, such as arginine, glutamate, aspartate, and phosphorylated/sulfated residues, in the formation of salt bridges resulting in noncovalent complexes between peptides. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) studies of these complexes using collision-induced dissociation (CID) have provided information on their relative stability. However, product-ion spectra produced by CID have been unable to assign specifically the site of interaction for the complex. In this work, tandem MS experiments were conducted on noncovalent complexes using both electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron-transfer dissociation (ETD). The resulting spectra were dominated by intramolecular fragments of the complex with the electrostatic interaction site intact. Based upon these data, we were able to assign the binding site for the peptides forming the noncovalent complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley N. Jackson
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Amina S. Woods
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD
- corresponding author: Amina S. Woods, Ph.D., NIDA IRP, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel: 443-740-2747, Fax: 443-740-2144, e-mail:
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Integrated approach to immunotoxicity: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, cell signaling, and receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 28:323-46. [PMID: 18702007 DOI: 10.1080/10799890802305217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As with all body organs, the immune system is subjected to attack by a variety of toxins. Serious consequences can result because the immune organs serve as a defense against infective agents. The toxins, both organic and inorganic, fall into a large variety of classes, such as metals, therapeutic drugs, industrial chemicals, pollutants, pesticides, fuels, herbicides and abused drugs. Although the mode of action is multifaceted, our focus is on electron transfer (ET), reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants (AOs), cell signaling, and receptors. It is significant that the toxins or their metabolites incorporate ET functionalities capable of redox cycling with resultant generation of ROS and accompanying oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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