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Saini R, Kumar V, Patel CN, Sourirajan A, Dev K. Synergistic antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and its phytocompounds with ampicillin: a computational and experimental study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:857-871. [PMID: 37522914 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica L. (syn. Emblica officinalis), popularly known as amla, Indian gooseberry, or the King of Rasyana, is a member of Phyllanthaceae family and is traditionally used in Ayurveda as an immunity booster. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic interaction of Phyllanthus emblica (FPE) fruits and its selected phytocompounds with ampicillin against selected bacteria. Further, an in silico technique was used to find if major phytocompounds of FPE could bind to proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and enhance the bioactivity of ampicillin. FPE and all the selected phytocompounds were found to have synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin against tested bacteria in different combinations. However, ellagic acid and quercetin interactions with ampicillin resulted in maximum bioactivity enhancement of 32-128 folds and 16-277 folds, respectively. In silico analysis revealed strong ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin binding with penicillin-binding protein (PBP-) 3, further supported by MD simulations. Ellagic acid and quercetin also fulfill Lipinski's rule, showing similar toxicity characteristics to ampicillin. FPE showed synergistic interaction with ampicillin, possibly due to the presence of phytocompounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin. Molecular docking and MD simulations showed the strong interaction of ellagic acid and quercetin with PBP-3 protein. Therefore, these compounds can be explored as potential non-toxic drug candidates to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshandha Saini
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, PO Sultanpur, Distt. Solan-173229 HP, Bajhol, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
| | - Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Masdar, Abu Dhabi, 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, PO Sultanpur, Distt. Solan-173229 HP, Bajhol, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, PO Sultanpur, Distt. Solan-173229 HP, Bajhol, India.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
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Sharma S, Kumar V, Yaseen M, S Abouzied A, Arshad A, Bhat MA, Naglah AM, Patel CN, Sivakumar PK, Sourirajan A, Shahzad A, Dev K. Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Computer-Aided Analysis of Potentilla nepalensis Hook Compounds as Potential Melanoma Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking, MD Simulations, and ADMET. Molecules 2023; 28:5108. [PMID: 37446769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentilla nepalensis Hook is a perennial Himalayan medicinal herb of the Rosaceae family. The present study aimed to evaluate biological activities such as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of roots and shoots of P. nepalensis and its synergistic antibacterial activity with antibacterial drugs. Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods were used for the calculation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). A DPPH radical scavenging assay and broth dilution method were used for the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the root and shoot extracts of P. nepalensis. Cytotoxic activity was determined using a colorimetric MTT assay. Further, phytochemical characterization of the root and shoot extracts was performed using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. The TPC and TFC were found to be higher in the methanolic root extract of P. nepalensis. The methanolic shoot extract of P. nepalensis showed good antioxidant activity, while then-hexane root extract of P. nepalensis showed strong cytotoxic activity against tested SK-MEL-28 cells. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer properties. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. nepalensis, leading to the creation of new medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, P.O. Box 9, Head Post Office, Solan 173212, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Charbagh, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Amr S Abouzied
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12311, Egypt
| | | | - Mashooq Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Prasanth Kumar Sivakumar
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, P.O. Box 9, Head Post Office, Solan 173212, India
| | - Adnan Shahzad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Charbagh, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, P.O. Box 9, Head Post Office, Solan 173212, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 4543, USA
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Multitarget Potential of Phytochemicals from Traditional Medicinal Tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnot as Potential Medicaments for Cardiovascular Disease: An In-Silico Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031046. [PMID: 36770716 PMCID: PMC9920080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnot of the Combretaceae family is one of the most frequently approved and utilized medicinal trees in the traditional medicinal system, which was used for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. The present study aims to identify phytochemicals from T. arjuna, that do not exhibit any toxicity and have significant cardioprotective activity using an in-silico technique. Four different cardiovascular proteins, namely human angiotensin receptor (PDB ID: 4YAY), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, PDB ID: 4DLI), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) reductase (PDB ID: 1HW9), and human C-reactive protein (PDB ID: 1B09), were used as target proteins to identify potential inhibitors using a virtual screening of the phytochemicals in T. arjuna revealed casuarinin as a potential inhibitor of all selected target proteins with strong binding energy. Furthermore, MD simulations for a 100 ns time scale also revealed that most of the key protein contacts of all target proteins were retained throughout the simulation trajectories. Binding free energy calculations using the MM-GBSA approach also support a strong inhibitory effect of casuarinin on target proteins. Casuarinin's effective binding to these proteins lays the groundwork for the development of broad-spectrum drugs as well as the understanding of the underlying mechanism against cardiovascular diseases through in vivo and clinical studies.
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Salaria D, Rolta R, Sharma N, Patel CN, Ghosh A, Dev K, Sourirajan A, Kumar V. In vitro and in silico antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. of North-Western Himalaya. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14131-14145. [PMID: 34787050 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is an aromatic perennial herb of Gramineae (Poaceae) family and is known for its application in food and healthcare industry. The present study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of C. citratus essential oil (CEO) through in vitro and in silico studies. Chemical characterization of CEO was done using Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while egg albumin denaturation method was used to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of CEO. Molecular docking investigation of major phytocompounds of CEO was done using Autodock vina software against human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2) and human cyclooxygenase 2 (PDB ID: 5IKQ) proteins, which were further analyzed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using YASARA. GC-MS analysis of CEO showed the presence of geranial (48%) neral (34.04%), β-myrcene (9.77%), geraniol (1.88%), linalool (0.84%), isogeranial (0.81%), β-caryophyllene (0.80%), D-limonene (0.51%) as major constituents. CEO showed significant antioxidant activity with DPPH (IC50-47.53 ± 2.16 µg/ml), FRAP (IC50-30.7 ± 0.31 µM), and ABTS assays (IC50-27.87 ± 0.09 µg/ml). CEO also exhibited significant in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity with IC50-29.71 ± 1.95 µg/ml as compared to that of Diclofenac sodium (IC50-36.52 ± 1.95 µg/ml). Molecular docking revealed that β-caryophyllene showed considerable binding potential with human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor (-6.0 kcal/mol) and human cyclooxygenase 2 receptor (-10.1 kcal/mol). Further, MD simulations demonstrated considerable and stable interactions of β-caryophyllene with 1HD2 and 5IKQ proteins up to 100 ns. Drug-likeness and ADME/T features also showed that β-caryophyllene can be used as a potential candidate to replace the synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs with side effects and also act as natural antioxidants.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, India
| | - Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
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Oğul Y, Gür F, Gür B, Cengiz M, Sarı RA, Kızıltunç A. Decreased Na +/K + pump activity in the erythrocyte membrane due to malondialdehyde in rheumatoid arthritis: an in vivo and in silico study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:968-982. [PMID: 36148907 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apart from demonstrating the interaction behavior of malondialdehyde (MDA) with Na+/K+-ATPase using in silico, the current study aims to investigate the effect of rheumatoid arthritis-related oxidative stress on Na+/K+-ATPase activity that is present in the erythrocyte cell membrane, which is rich in proteins vulnerable to damage from MDA and other free radicals. The target population of this study consists of 28 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 20 healthy volunteers whose MDA levels and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were determined. It was shown that MDA levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients increased (p < 0.001) and their Na+/K+-ATPase activity noticeably decreased when compared to those of healthy individuals. Also, according to this in silico modeling, MDA decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in line with the correlation analyses. Consequently, while elevated levels of MDA in the rheumatoid arthritis group were suggestive of oxidative stress, a decreased Na+/K+-ATPase-activity led us to speculate that the cellular membrane had sustained injury. Therefore, our results could be useful in explaining how MDA affects Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the interior of a specific molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Oğul
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Regional Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gür
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Bahri Gür
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Iğdır University, Iğdır, 76000, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cengiz
- Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Education, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
| | - Refik Ali Sarı
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kızıltunç
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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Verma A, Modi K, Dey S, Kongor A, Panchal M, Vora M, Panjwani F, Jain VK. Development of tBu-phenyl Acetamide Appended Thiacalix[4]arene as "Turn-ON" Fluorescent Probe for Selective Recognition of Hg(II) Ions. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:637-645. [PMID: 35025015 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel N-(4-(tert-butyl)-phenyl)-2-chloroacetamide functionalized thiacalix[4]arene architecture, viz TCAN2PA has been synthesized and the sensing behaviour towards metal ions were explored. The probe, TCAN2PA displayed "turn-on" fluorescence response towards Hg(II) ions in acetonitrile over a series of competing common metal ions. A bathochromic shift in absorption band along with a significant "Turn-On" fluorescence behaviour of TCAN2PA was observed upon interaction with Hg(II) ions. The lower rim modification of thiacalixarene with N-(4-(tert-butyl)-phenyl)-2-chloroacetamide actively contributes toward the fluorescence property due to the presence of strong electron-donating aryl amido substituent. Fluorescence titration experiments were conducted to find out the limit of detection and to understand binding stoichiometry as well. The electron transfer interactions between the electron rich TCAN2PA host with Hg(II) ions have been postulated which is also supported by computational modelling insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashukumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Krunal Modi
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Science, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Shuvankar Dey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Anita Kongor
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Manthan Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Manoj Vora
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Falak Panjwani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - V K Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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Rolta R, Salaria D, Sharma B, Awofisayo O, Fadare OA, Sharma S, Patel CN, Kumar V, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. Methylxanthines as Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2: an In Silico Approach. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 8:149-170. [PMID: 35281252 PMCID: PMC8901432 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the present study was to test the binding affinity of methylxanthines (caffeine/theine, methylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine) to three potential target proteins namely Spike protein (6LZG), main protease (6LU7) and nucleocapsid protein N-terminal RNA binding domain (6M3M) of SARS-CoV-2. Proteins and ligand were generated using AutoDock 1.5.6 software. Binding affinity of methylxanthines with SARS-CoV-2 target proteins was determined using Autodock Vina. MD simulation of the best interacting complexes was performed using GROMACS 2018.3 (in duplicate) and Desmond program version 2.0 (academic version) (in triplicate) to study the stabile interaction of protein-ligand complexes. Among the selected methylxanthines, theophylline showed the best binding affinity with all the three targets of SARS-CoV-2 (6LZG - 5.7 kcal mol-1, 6LU7 - 6.5 kcal mol-1, 6M3M - 5.8 kcal mol-1). MD simulation results of 100 ns (in triplicate) showed that theophylline is stable in the binding pockets of all the selected SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Moreover, methylxanthines are safer and less toxic as shown by high LD50 value with Protox II software as compared to drug chloroquine. This research supports the use of methylxanthines as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. It also lays the groundwork for future studies and could aid in the development of a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and related viral infections. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40495-021-00276-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Bhanu Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Oladoja Awofisayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Olatomide A. Fadare
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Sonum Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - David J. Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
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Structural Insights into the Interactions of Digoxin and Na +/K +-ATPase and Other Targets for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123672. [PMID: 34208576 PMCID: PMC8234910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside long used to treat congestive heart failure and found recently to show antitumor potential. The hydroxy groups connected at the C-12, C-14, and C-3′a positions; the C-17 unsaturated lactone unit; the conformation of the steroid core; and the C-3 saccharide moiety have been demonstrated as being important for digoxin’s cytotoxicity and interactions with Na+/K+-ATPase. The docking profiles for digoxin and several derivatives and Na+/K+-ATPase were investigated; an additional small Asn130 side pocket was revealed, which could be useful in the design of novel digoxin-like antitumor agents. In addition, the docking scores for digoxin and its derivatives were found to correlate with their cytotoxicity, indicating a potential use of these values in the prediction of the cancer cell cytotoxicity of other cardiac glycosides. Moreover, in these docking studies, digoxin was found to bind to FIH-1 and NF-κB but not HDAC, IAP, and PI3K, suggesting that this cardiac glycoside directly targets FIH-1, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB to mediate its antitumor potential. Differentially, digoxigenin, the aglycon of digoxin, binds to HDAC and PI3K, but not FIH-1, IAP, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB, indicating that this compound may target tumor autophagy and metabolism to mediate its antitumor propensity.
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Freitas CS, Lage DP, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Costa RR, Mendonça DVC, Martins VT, Reis TAR, Antinarelli LMR, Machado AS, Tavares GSV, Ramos FF, Brito RCF, Ludolf F, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Ramos GS, Munkert J, Ottoni FM, Campana PRV, Duarte MC, Gonçalves DU, Coimbra ES, Braga FC, Pádua RM, Coelho EAF. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of β-acetyl-digitoxin, a cardenolide of Digitalis lanata potentially useful to treat visceral leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:38. [PMID: 33851916 PMCID: PMC8045677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments of visceral leishmaniasis face limitations due to drug side effects and/or high cost, along with the emergence of parasite resistance. Novel and low-cost antileishmanial agents are therefore required. We report herein the antileishmanial activity of β-acetyl-digitoxin (b-AD), a cardenolide isolated from Digitalis lanata leaves, assayed in vitro and in vivo against Leishmania infantum. Results showed direct action of b-AD against parasites, as well as efficacy for the treatment of Leishmania-infected macrophages. In vivo experiments using b-AD-containing Pluronic® F127 polymeric micelles (b-AD/Mic) to treat L. infantum-infected mice showed that this composition reduced the parasite load in distinct organs in more significant levels. It also induced the development of anti-parasite Th1-type immunity, attested by high levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, GM-CSF, nitrite and specific IgG2a antibodies, in addition to low IL-4 and IL-10 contents, along with higher IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequency. Furthermore, low toxicity was found in the organs of the treated animals. Comparing the therapeutic effect between the treatments, b-AD/Mic was the most effective in protecting animals against infection, when compared to the other groups including miltefosine used as a drug control. Data found 15 days after treatment were similar to those obtained one day post-therapy. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that b-AD/Mic is a promising antileishmanial agent and deserves further studies to investigate its potential to treat visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaella R Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora V C Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A R Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana M R Antinarelli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rory C F Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Ramos
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Departament Biologie, LS Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Flaviano M Ottoni
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscilla R V Campana
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil - Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernão C Braga
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Pádua
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil - Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Patel CN, Goswami D, Sivakumar PK, Pandya HA. Repurposing of anticancer phytochemicals for identifying potential fusion inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7744-7761. [PMID: 33749528 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1902393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral particle, SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for causing the epidemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To combat this situation, numerous strategies are being thought for either creating its antidote, vaccine, or agents that can prevent its infection. For enabling research on these strategies, several target proteins are identified where, Spike (S) protein is of great potential. S-protein interacts with human angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) for entering the cell. S-protein is a large protein and a portion of it designated as a receptor-binding domain (RBD) is the key region that interacts with ACE2, following to which the viral membrane fuses with the alveolar membrane to enter the human cell. The hypothesis is to identify molecules from the pool of anticancer phytochemicals as a lead possessing the ability to interact and mask the amino acids of RBD, making them unavailable to form associations with ACE2. Such a molecule is termed as 'fusion inhibitor'. We hypothesized to identify fusion inhibitors from the NPACT library of anticancer phytochemicals. For this, all the molecules from the NPACT were screened using molecular docking, the five top hits (Theaflavin, Ginkgetin, Ursolic acid, Silymarin and Spirosolane) were analyzed for essential Pharmacophore features and their ADMET profiles were studied following to which the best two hits were further analyzed for their interaction with RBD using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. Binding free energy calculations were performed using MM/GBSA, proving these phytochemicals containing anticancer properties to serve as fusion inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Prasanth Kumar Sivakumar
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu A Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Patel CN, Goswami D, Jaiswal DG, Parmar RM, Solanki HA, Pandya HA. Pinpointing the potential hits for hindering interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein with ACE2 from the pool of antiviral phytochemicals utilizing molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 105:107874. [PMID: 33647752 PMCID: PMC7897937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the viral particle, is responsible for triggering the 2019 Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19). To tackle this situation, a number of strategies are being devised to either create an antidote, a vaccine, or agents capable of preventing its infection. To enable research on these strategies, numerous target proteins are identified where Spike (S) protein is presumed to be of immense potential. S-protein interacts with human angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) for cell entry. The key region of S-protein that interacts with ACE2 is a portion of it designated as a receptor-binding domain (RBD), following whereby the viral membrane fuses with the alveolar membrane to enter the human cell. The proposition is to recognize molecules from the bundle of phytochemicals of medicinal plants known to possess antiviral potentials as a lead that could interact and mask RBD, rendering them unavailable to form ACE2 interactions. Such a molecule is called the 'S-protein blocker'. A total of 110 phytochemicals from Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Zinziber officinalis, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Adhatoda vasica were used in the study, of which Racemoside A, Ashwagandhanolide, Withanoside VI, Withanoside IV and Racemoside C were identified as top five hits using molecular docking. Further, essential Pharmacophore features and their ADMET profiles of these compounds were studied following to which the best three hits were analyzed for their interaction with RBD using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. Binding free energy calculations were performed using MM/GBSA, proving these phytochemicals can serve as S-protein blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dharmesh G Jaiswal
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Robin M Parmar
- Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Hitesh A Solanki
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Himanshu A Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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Medina-Ortiz K, López-Alvarez D, Navia F, Hansen T, Fierro L, Castaño S. Identification of Na +/K +-ATPase α/β isoforms in Rhinella marina tissues by RNAseq and a molecular docking approach at the protein level to evaluate α isoform affinities for bufadienolides. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 254:110906. [PMID: 33476762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) function is inhibited by Bufadienolides (BD), a group of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) primarily produced by anurans of the Bufonidae family, such as Rhinella marina. This study characterized the presence of α and β NKA subunit isoforms in R. marina via RNAseq in four tissues: oocytes, skin, heart, and skeletal muscle. Transcripts encoding three α-like isoforms (α1, α2, α3) and three β-like isoforms (β1, β2, β4) were identified. The amino acid sequence of α1-like isoform shared 99.4% identity with the α1 isoform previously published for R. marina. Sequences for α2, α3, and β4 from R. marina were previously unavailable. The first extracellular loop in the α2-like isoform in R. marina showed similar substitutions to those found in their susceptible homologues in other taxa (L/Q111T and S119T); in contrast, this same loop in α3-like isoform showed similar substitutions (Q111L and G120R) to those reported for toad-eating animals such as snakes, which suggests relatively lower affinity for CTS. Docking results showed that all three α-like isoforms identified in R. marina transcriptomes have low affinity to CTS compared to the susceptible α1 isoform of Sus scrofa (pig), with α1-like isoform being the most resistant. The tissue-specific RNAseq results showed the following expression of NKA α-like and β-like subunit isoforms: Oocytes expressed α1 and β1; skin α1, β1, and low levels of β2; heart α1, α3, and β1; skeletal muscle α1, β4, with low levels of α2, α3, and β1. R. marina could be used as an important model for future structural, functional and pharmacological studies of NKA and its isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Medina-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Diana López-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Felipe Navia
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Fierro
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Santiago Castaño
- Laboratorio de Herpetología y Toxinología, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Rolta R, Salaria D, Kumar V, Patel CN, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. Molecular docking studies of phytocompounds of Rheum emodi Wall with proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial and fungal pathogens: in silico approach to enhance the bio-availability of antibiotics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3789-3803. [PMID: 33225862 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1850364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheum emodi Wall. (Himalayan rhubarb) has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer and wound healing. The present study was aimed to understand if major phytocompounds of Rheum emodi could bind proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial and fungal pathogens and enhance the potency of antibiotics. The major phytocompounds of R. emodi (emodin, rhein-13c6 and chrysophenol dimethy ether) were retrieved from the Pubchem and target proteins were retrieved from RCSB protein data bank. The docking study was performed by using AutoDock vina software and Molinspiration, swiss ADME servers were used for the determination of Lipinski rule of 5, drug-likeness prediction respectively, whereas, admetSAR and Protox-II tools were used for toxicity prediction. To study the docking accuracy of protein-ligand complexes, MD simulation for 100 ns was done by using Desmond program version 2.0 (Academic version). Among all the selected phytocompounds, emodin showed the best binding affinity against bacterial (Penicillin binding protein 3, 3VSL and fungal target (cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase 1EA1) with binding energy -8.2 and -8.0 Kcal mol-1 respectively. Similarly, rhein-13C6 showed the best binding affinity against fungal target (n-myristoyl transferase 1IYL) with binding energy -8.0 Kcal mol-1 which is higher than antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics. All the selected phytocompounds also fulfill Lipinski rule, non-carcinogenic and non-cytotoxic in nature. These compounds also showed high LD50 value showing non-toxicity of these phytocompounds. MD simulation studies of phytocompounds (emodin and rhein-13C6) define the stability of protein-ligand complexes with in 100 ns time scale.Communicated by Freddie R. Salsbury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - David J Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Digitoxigenin presents an effective and selective antileishmanial action against Leishmania infantum and is a potential therapeutic agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:321-335. [PMID: 33191446 PMCID: PMC7667010 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered mainly by drug toxicity, their high cost, and parasite resistance. Drug development is a long and pricey process, and therefore, drug repositioning may be an alternative worth pursuing. Cardenolides are used to treat cardiac diseases, especially those obtained from Digitalis species. In the present study, cardenolide digitoxigenin (DIGI) obtained from a methanolic extract of Digitalis lanata leaves was tested for its antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum species. Results showed that 50% Leishmania and murine macrophage inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and CC50, respectively) were of 6.9 ± 1.5 and 295.3 ± 14.5 μg/mL, respectively. With amphotericin B (AmpB) deoxycholate, used as a control drug, values of 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.79 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively, were observed. Selectivity index (SI) values were of 42.8 and 6.1 for DIGI and AmpB, respectively. Preliminary studies suggested that the mechanism of action for DIGI is to cause alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species and induce accumulation of lipid bodies in the parasites. DIGI was incorporated into Pluronic® F127-based polymeric micelles, and the formula (DIGI/Mic) was used to treat L. infantum–infected mice. Miltefosine was used as a control drug. Results showed that animals treated with either miltefosine, DIGI, or DIGI/Mic presented significant reductions in the parasite load in their spleens, livers, bone marrows, and draining lymph nodes, as well as the development of a specific Th1-type response, when compared with the controls. Results obtained 1 day after treatment were corroborated with data corresponding to 15 days after therapy. Importantly, treatment with DIGI/Mic induced better parasitological and immunological responses when compared with miltefosine- and DIGI-treated mice. In conclusion, DIGI/Mic has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent to protect against L. infantum infection, and it is therefore worth of consideration in future studies addressing VL treatment.
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Patel CN, Kumar SP, Pandya HA, Rawal RM. Identification of potential inhibitors of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation. Mol Divers 2020; 25:421-433. [PMID: 32996011 PMCID: PMC7524381 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The pandemic outbreak of the Corona viral infection has become a critical global health issue. Biophysical and structural evidence shows that spike protein possesses a high binding affinity towards host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and viral hemagglutinin-acetylesterase (HE) glycoprotein receptor. We selected HE as a target in this study to identify potential inhibitors using a combination of various computational approaches such as molecular docking, ADMET analysis, dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. Virtual screening of NPACT compounds identified 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-1,8-bis[(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl]benzo[7]annulen-6-one, Silymarin, Withanolide D, Spirosolane and Oridonin as potential HE inhibitors with better binding energy. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns time scale revealed that most of the key HE contacts were retained throughout the simulations trajectories. Binding free energy calculations using MM/PBSA approach ranked the top-five potential NPACT compounds which can act as effective HE inhibitors. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11030-020-10135-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Himanshu A Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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