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Parashiva J, Nuthan BR, Rakshith D, Satish S. Endophytic Fungi as a Promising Source of Anticancer L-Asparaginase: A Review. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:282. [PMID: 37450223 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a tetrameric enzyme from the amidohydrolases family, that catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. Since its discovery as an anticancer drug, it is used as one of the prime chemotherapeutic agents to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Apart from its use in the biopharmaceutical industry, it is also used to reduce the formation of a carcinogenic substance called acrylamide in fried, baked, and roasted foods. L-asparaginase is derived from many organisms including plants, bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Currently, L-asparaginase preparations from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are used in the clinical treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, they are associated with low yield and immunogenicity problems. At this juncture, endophytic fungi from medicinal plants have gained much attention as they have several advantages over the available bacterial preparations. Many medicinal plants have been screened for L-asparaginase producing endophytic fungi and several studies have reported potent L-asparaginase producing strains. This review provides insights into fungal endophytes from medicinal plants and their significance as probable alternatives for bacterial L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaraiah Parashiva
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
| | | | - Devaraju Rakshith
- Department of Microbiology, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 005, India
| | - Sreedharamurthy Satish
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
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Secondary Metabolites of Endophytes Associated with the Zingiberaceae Family and Their Pharmacological Activities. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zingiberaceae is commonly known as the ginger family and has been extensively studied in the last decades for its pharmacological purposes. The study of ginger includes microorganisms known as endophytes, which raise interest for the research community because they can produce a wide range of secondary metabolites. This review discusses the secondary metabolites of endophytes from the Zingiberaceae family and their pharmacological activities. We detail the group of secondary metabolites, updated for its absolute structures, source and part origins, and, especially, pharmacological divided properties. Zingiberaceae endophytes have 106 volatile compounds and 52 isolated constituents, including 17 polyketides, five nonribosomal peptides, five aromatic compounds, three alkaloids, and 21 terpene-alkaloids. They have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Secondary metabolites from plant endophytes of the Zingiberaceae family have the potential to be therapeutic drugs in the future. Research on endophytic bacteria or fungi has been little performed. Therefore, this study supports a new drug discovery from Zingiberaceae endophytes and compares them for future drug development.
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da Silva LF, de Pádua APSL, de Oliveira Ferro L, Agamez-Montalvo GS, Bezerra JDP, Moreira KA, de Souza-Motta CM. Cacti as low-cost substrates to produce L-asparaginase by endophytic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:247. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Yap LS, Lee WL, Ting ASY. Bioprocessing and purification of extracellular L-asparaginase produced by endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its anticancer activity. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36137173 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an enzyme commonly used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Commercialized bacterial L-asparaginase has been reported to cause several life-threatening complications during treatment, hence the need to seek alternative sources of L-asparaginase. In this study, the novelty of upstream and downstream bioprocessing of L-asparaginase from a fungal endophyte, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and the cytotoxicity evaluation was demonstrated. Six variables (carbon source and concentration, nitrogen source and concentration, incubation period, temperature, pH and agitation rate) known to influence L-asparaginase production were studied using One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) approach, with four significant variables further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The crude extract produced using optimized condition was purified, characterized and examined for its anticancer effect. Purification of fungal L-asparaginase was performed via ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography, which are less common techniques. The protein profile and monomeric weight of L-asparaginase were determined using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Cytotoxicity of purified L-asparaginase on leukemic Jurkat E6 and oral carcinoma cells were studied using MTS assay for 24 h and 48 h. OFAT results from optimization showed that glucose and L-asparagine concentrations, incubation period and temperature, were significant factors affecting L-asparaginase production by C. gloeosporioides. RSM analysis further evidence the significant interaction between glucose and L-asparagine concentrations in inducing L-asparaginase production. Purified L-asparaginase was profiled with specific activity of 255.02 IU/mg protein, purification fold of 6.12, and 34.63% of enzyme recovery. SDS and Western blot revealed that the purified L-asparaginase might be a tetramer with monomeric units of 25 kDa. Purified L-asparaginase was discovered to be more efficient against Jurkat leukemic cells than against H103 oral carcinoma cells, as lower IC50 value was observed for Jurkat cell lines (46 .36 ± 1.52 µg/mL for Jurkat and 125.56 ± 7.28 µg/mL for H103). In short, purified L-asparaginase derived from endophytic C. gloeosporioides showed high purity and significant anticancer effect toward cancer cells. This study therefore demonstrated the potential of fungal L-asparaginase as alternative chemotherapy drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sze Yap
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Raghav D, Jyoti A, Siddiqui AJ, Saxena J. Plant associated endophytic fungi as potential bio-factories for extracellular enzymes: Progress, Challenges and Strain improvement with precision approaches. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:287-310. [PMID: 35396804 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is an intricate network of relations between endophytic fungi and their hosts that affects the production of various bioactive compounds. Plant-associated endophytic contain industrially important enzymes and have the potential to fulfill their rapid demand in the international market to boost business in technology. Being safe and metabolically active, they have replaced the usage of toxic and harmful chemicals and hold a credible application in biotransformation, bioremediation, and industrial processes. Despite these, there are limited reports on fungal endophytes that can directly cater to the demand and supply of industrially stable enzymes. The underlying reasons include low endogenous production and secretion of enzymes from fungal endophytes which have raised concern for widely accepted applications. Hence it is imperative to augment the biosynthetic and secretory potential of fungal endophytes. Modern state-of-the-art biotechnological technologies aiming at strain improvement using cell factory engineering as well as precise gene editing like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its Associated proteins (Cas) systems which can provide a boost in fungal endophyte enzyme production. Additionally, it is vital to characterize optimum conditions to grow one strain with multiple enzymes (OSME). The present review encompasses various plants-derived endophytic fungal enzymes and their applications in various sectors. Further, we postulate the feasibility of new precision approaches with an aim for strain improvement and enhanced enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyangi Raghav
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, SAS, Nagar, Punjab
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, SAS, Nagar, Punjab
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Yap LS, Lee WL, Ting ASY. Optimization of L-asparaginase production from endophytic Fusarium proliferatum using OFAT and RSM and its cytotoxic evaluation. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 191:106358. [PMID: 34743930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase from endophytic Fusarium proliferatum (isolate CCH, GenBank accession no. MK685139) isolated from the medicinal plant Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), was optimized for its L-asparaginase production and its subsequent cytotoxicity towards Jurkat E6 cell line. The following factors were optimized; carbon source and concentration, nitrogen source and concentration, incubation period, temperature, pH and agitation rate. Optimization of L-asparaginase production was performed using One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) and Response surface methodology (RSM) model. The cytotoxicity of the crude enzyme from isolate CCH was tested on leukemic Jurkat E6 cell line. The optimization exercise revealed that glucose concentration, nitrogen source, L-asparagine concentration and temperature influenced the L-asparaginase production of CCH. The optimum condition suggested using OFAT and RSM results were consistent. As such, the recommended conditions were 0.20% of glucose, 0.99% of L-asparagine and 5.34 days incubation at 30.50 °C. The L-asparaginase production of CCH increased from 16.75 ± 0.76 IU/mL to 22.42 ± 0.20 IU/mL after optimization. The cytotoxicity of the crude enzyme on leukemic Jurkat cell line recorded IC50 value at 33.89 ± 2.63% v/v. To conclude, the enzyme extract produced from Fusarium proliferatum under optimized conditions is a potential alternative resource for L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sze Yap
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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L-Asparaginase Production using Solid-state Fermentation by an Endophytic Talaromyces pinophilus Isolated from Rhizomes of Curcuma amada. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Pola M, Rajulapati SB, Potla Durthi C, Erva RR, Bhatia M. In silico modelling and molecular dynamics simulation studies on L-Asparaginase isolated from bacterial endophyte of Ocimum tenuiflorum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 117:32-40. [PMID: 30037549 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from endophytes have been used to treat various diseases. In the present study, L-Asparaginase producing endophytes were isolated from Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulasi) from NIT Warangal, Telangana, India to treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in which L-Asparagine (L-Asn) deamination plays a vital role in ALL treatment. 20 (bacteria and fungi) out of 35 endophytes have been screened for L-Asparaginase production using rapid plate assay technique, in which four strains produced high amounts of L-Asparaginase. 16 s Ribosomal RNA sequencing studies were performed, Bacillus stratosphericus organism was identified, and purified L-Asparaginase sequence has been tailored using MALDI/TOF (Applied Biosystems). The homology model was developed by using MODELLER 9.15v as the endophyte lacks crystal structure of L-Asparaginase enzyme and validated by dint of quality index tools. Docking studies were performed using iGemdock 2.1v. In comparison, free energy binding efficiency of receptor towards L-Asparagine (L-Asn) is good with lesser energy -71.6 kcal/mol in comparison to L-Glutamine (L-Gln) having -67.7 kcal/mol. In order to find the stability of the docked complexes in dynamics environment, molecular dynamics and simulation studies were performed using GROMACS V4.6.5. The trajectory analysis for 10 ns shows the better RMSD, RMSF, Rg and average number of hydrogen bonds for complex 1 (L-Asparaginase + L-Asn docked complex). Hence, complex 1 was found to be more stable than Complex 2 (L-Asparaginase + L-Gln docked complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Pola
- National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | | | | | | | - Mayuri Bhatia
- National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
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Pansanit A, Pripdeevech P. Antibacterial secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus, Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 isolated from Zingiber cassumunar. Mycology 2018; 9:264-272. [PMID: 30533252 PMCID: PMC6282471 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1481154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-four endophytes were isolated from Zingiber cassumunar and identified morphologically. The ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytes were obtained. The ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to study antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate extract of the Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, the minimum inhibition concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 31.25 and 7.81 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the crude extract showed highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging at IC50 value of 28.47 µg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the extract of the Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 contains various antibacterial and antioxidant compounds which are β-cyclocitral, 3E-cembrene A, laurenan-2-one, sclareol, 2Z,6E-farnesol, cembrene, β-isocomene and γ-curcumene. The fungus Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 was also identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods.
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Vinale F, Nicoletti R, Lacatena F, Marra R, Sacco A, Lombardi N, d’Errico G, Digilio MC, Lorito M, Woo SL. Secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces pinophilus. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1778-1785. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1290624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Vinale
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - R. Nicoletti
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - F. Lacatena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - R. Marra
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - A. Sacco
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - N. Lombardi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - G. d’Errico
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - M. C. Digilio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - M. Lorito
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - S. L. Woo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
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