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Losantos D, Sarra M, Caminal G. OPFR removal by white rot fungi: screening of removers and approach to the removal mechanism. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1387541. [PMID: 38827887 PMCID: PMC11140845 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1387541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The persistent presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in wastewater (WW) effluents raises significant environmental and health concerns, highlighting the limitations of conventional treatments for their remotion. Fungi, especially white rot fungi (WRF), offer a promising alternative for OPFR removal. This study sought to identify fungal candidates (from a selection of four WRF and two Ascomycota fungi) capable of effectively removing five frequently detected OPFRs in WW: tributyl phosphate (TnBP), tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP), trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), trichloro propyl phosphate (TCPP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). The objective was to develop a co-culture approach for WW treatment, while also addressing the utilization of less assimilable carbon sources present in WW. Research was conducted on carbon source uptake and OPFR removal by all fungal candidates, while the top degraders were analyzed for biomass sorption contribution. Additionally, the enzymatic systems involved in OPFR degradation were identified, along with toxicity of samples after fungal contact. Acetate (1.4 g·L-1), simulating less assimilable organic matter in the carbon source uptake study, was eliminated by all tested fungi in 4 days. However, during the initial screening where the removal of four OPFRs (excluding TCPP) was tested, WRF outperformed Ascomycota fungi. Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes versicolor removed over 90% of TnBP and TBEP within 4 days, with Pleorotus ostreatus and Pycnoporus sanguineus also displaying effective removal. TCEP removal was challenging, with only G. lucidum achieving partial removal (47%). A subsequent screening with selected WRF and the addition of TCPP revealed TCPP's greater susceptibility to degradation compared to TCEP, with T. versicolor exhibiting the highest removal efficiency (77%). This observation, plus the poor degradation of TEP by all fungal candidates suggests that polarity of an OPFR inversely correlates with its susceptibility to fungal degradation. Sorption studies confirmed the ability of top-performing fungi of each selected OPFR to predominantly degrade them. Enzymatic system tests identified the CYP450 intracellular system responsible for OPFR degradation, so reactions of hydroxylation, dealkylation and dehalogenation are possibly involved in the degradation pathway. Finally, toxicity tests revealed transformation products obtained by fungal degradation to be more toxic than the parent compounds, emphasizing the need to identify them and their toxicity contributions. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into OPFR degradation by WRF, with implications for future WW treatment using mixed consortia, emphasizing the importance of reducing generated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Losantos
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Quiímica Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Lu M, Wen T, Guo M, Li Q, Peng X, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhang C. Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Levels after the Development of Phallus rubrovolvatus Rot Disease Due to Trichoderma koningii Mycoparasitism. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050525. [PMID: 37233236 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phallus rubrovolvatus is a unique mushroom used for medicinal and dietary purposes in China. In recent years, however, the rot disease of P. rubrovolvatus has seriously affected its yield and quality, becoming an economically important threat. In this study, samples of symptomatic tissues were collected, isolated, and identified from five major P. rubrovolvatus production regions in Guizhou Province, China. Based on combined analyses of phylogenies (ITS and EF1-α), morphological characteristics and Koch's postulates, Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma koningii were identified as the pathogenic fungal species. Among these, T. koningii exhibited stronger pathogenicity than the other strains; thus, T. koningii was used as the test strain in the follow-up experiments. Upon co-culturing T. koningii with P. rubrovolvatus, the hyphae of the two species were intertwined, and the color of the P. rubrovolvatus hyphae changed from white to red. Moreover, T. koningii hyphae were wrapped around P. rubrovolvatus hyphae, leading to their shortening and convolution and ultimately inhibiting their growth due to wrinkling; T. koningii penetrated the entire basidiocarp tissue of P. rubrovolvatus, causing serious damage to the host basidiocarp cells. Further analyses revealed that T. koningii infection resulted in the swelling of basidiocarps and significantly enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes, such as malondialdehyde, manganese peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. These findings offer theoretical support for further research on the infection mechanisms of pathogenic fungi and the prevention of diseases caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingchi Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Guizhou Jinchandashan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nayong 553300, China
| | - Qihua Li
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Xingcan Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhenghua Lu
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Han ML, Yang J, Liu ZY, Wang CR, Chen SY, Han N, Hao WY, An Q, Dai YC. Evaluation of Laccase Activities by Three Newly Isolated Fungal Species in Submerged Fermentation With Single or Mixed Lignocellulosic Wastes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682679. [PMID: 34163456 PMCID: PMC8216501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three newly isolated fungal species, namely, Cerrena unicolor Han 849, Lenzites betulina Han 851, and Schizophyllum commune Han 881, isolated from their native habitats in Wulingshan National Nature Reserve of Hebei Province of northern China, were screened for laccase production with single or mixed lignocellulosic wastes. C. unicolor Han 849 was found to express the highest levels of laccase with single or mixed lignocellulosic wastes compared with L. betulina Han 851 and S. commune Han 881. The highest laccase activity from the mixed fungal culture of C. unicolor Han 849 and S. commune Han 881 or L. betulina Han 851 on Firmiana platanifolia was 1,373.12 ± 55.93 and 1,144.85 ± 34.97 U/L, respectively, higher than that from other tested conditions. L. betulina Han 851 or S. commune Han 881 mixed with other species was also helpful for accelerating laccase secretion due to reach maximum enzyme activity quickly. The treatment of mixing different species, including the mixture of two or three species, was obviously conducive to the improvement of laccase activity on Firmiana platanifolia. These results revealed that the fungal co-culture and the mixed lignocellulosic wastes contribute to the improvement of laccase activities and enhance laccase activities within a short period. These findings would be helpful for providing a new method for rapid production of low-cost laccase and for optimization of integrated industrial laccase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Han
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Hebei Province, Langfang, China
- Edible and Medicinal Fungi Research and Development Center of Universities, Colleges in Hebei Province, Langfang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Ze-Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Chun-Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Ning Han
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Wen-Yao Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| | - Qi An
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Hebei Province, Langfang, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Yu G, Sun Y, Han H, Yan X, Wang Y, Ge X, Qiao B, Tan L. Coculture, An Efficient Biotechnology for Mining the Biosynthesis Potential of Macrofungi via Interspecies Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663924. [PMID: 33815350 PMCID: PMC8010659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi, which are also known as mushrooms, can produce various bioactive constituents and have become promising resources as lead drugs and foods rich in nutritional value. However, the production of these bioactive constituents under standard laboratory conditions is inefficiency due to the silent expression of their relevant genes. Coculture, as an important activation strategy that simulates the natural living conditions of macrofungi, can activate silent genes or clusters through interspecific interactions. Coculturing not only can trigger the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites and enzymes of macrofungi, but is also useful for uncovering the mechanisms of fungal interspecific interactions and novel gene functions. In this paper, coculturing among macrofungi or between macrofungi and other microorganisms, the triggering and upregulation of secondary metabolites and enzymes, the potential medicinal applications, and the fungal-fungal interaction mechanisms are reviewed. Finally, future challenges and perspectives in further advancing coculture systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Yu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuman Sun
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyang Han
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiu Yan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ge
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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