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Alshogran OY, Dodeja P, Albukhaytan H, Laffey T, Chaphekar N, Caritis S, Shaik IH, Venkataramanan R. Drugs in Human Milk Part 1: Practical and Analytical Considerations in Measuring Drugs and Metabolites in Human Milk. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:561-588. [PMID: 38748090 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Human milk is a remarkable biofluid that provides essential nutrients and immune protection to newborns. Breastfeeding women consuming medications could pass the drug through their milk to neonates. Drugs can be transferred to human milk by passive diffusion or active transport. The physicochemical properties of the drug largely impact the extent of drug transfer into human milk. A comprehensive understanding of the physiology of human milk formation, composition of milk, mechanisms of drug transfer, and factors influencing drug transfer into human milk is critical for appropriate selection and use of medications in lactating women. Quantification of drugs in the milk is essential for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy during lactation. This can be achieved by developing specific, sensitive, and reproducible analytical methods using techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The present review briefly discusses the physiology of human milk formation, composition of human milk, mechanisms of drug transfer into human milk, and factors influencing transfer of drugs from blood to milk. We further expand upon and critically evaluate the existing analytical approaches/assays used for the quantification of drugs in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Alshogran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Prerna Dodeja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hamdan Albukhaytan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Laffey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nupur Chaphekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Room 7406, Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Manouchehri M, Seidi S, Tavasolinoor A, Razeghi Y. A new approach of magnetic field application in miniaturized pipette-tip extraction for trace analysis of four synthetic hormones in breast milk samples. Food Chem 2023; 409:135222. [PMID: 36586256 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel homemade electrical device was designed, including two pieces of external neodymium magnets, providing a reciprocating magnetic field to introduce a magnetic-assisted dispersive pipette-tip micro solid-phase extraction. To evaluate the performance efficiency of the proposed method, a novel magnetic calcined GO/SiO2@Co-Fe nanocube sorbent was synthesized, filled into the pipette-tip, exposed to the reciprocating magnetic field, and applied for the preconcentration of some hormone therapy drugs in human biological matrices. The effective adsorption and desorption parameters were optimized using a rotatable central composite design and one-variable-at-a-time approaches. Under the optimized conditions, the target analytes' detection limits were found to be below 0.02 ng mL-1. Moreover, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.03-500.00 ng mL-1 (R2 > 0.9966), with RSDs% less than 7.8 %. Eventually, the established method was applied to extract the analytes from breast milk samples, followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Manouchehri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Tavasolinoor
- Department of Computer Engineering, Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Razeghi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran
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Sanches AM, C. Prete M, Matos R, Tarley CRT, Medeiros RA. Flow Injection Analysis System Coupled to Chronoamperometry and Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode for Determination of Synthetic Hormones 17α-Ethinylestradiol and Cyproterone Acetate. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2089677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline M. Sanches
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brasil
| | - Maiyara C. Prete
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brasil
| | - Roberto Matos
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brasil
| | - César R. Teixeira Tarley
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Bioanalítica, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Química, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Roberta A. Medeiros
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brasil
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Wang X, Wang J, Du T, Kou H, Du X, Lu X. Application of ZIF-8–graphene oxide sponge to a solid phase extraction method for the analysis of sex hormones in milk and milk products by high-performance liquid chromatography. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05940c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) incorporating a graphene oxide sponge (GOS) nanocomposite (ZIF-8–GOS) was synthesized successfully by a simple one-pot preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou 730070
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Kou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou 730070
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou 730070
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Kaur H, Bala M, Bansal G. Reproductive drugs and environmental contamination: quantum, impact assessment and control strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25822-25839. [PMID: 30039489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and municipal solid wastes, noise, pesticides, fertilizers and vehicular emission are visible pollutants responsible for environmental contamination and ill-effects on health of all living systems. But, environmental contamination due to drugs or medicines used for different purposes in humans and animals goes unseen largely and can affect the health of living system severely. During the last few decades, the usage of drugs has increased drastically, resulting in increased drug load in soil and water. Contraceptive and fertility drugs are extensively and effectively used in humans as well as animals for different purposes. Usage of these reproductive drugs in humans is increased manifold to manage reproductive problems and/or for birth control with changing lifestyles. These drugs are excreted in urine and faeces as metabolite or conjugated forms, leading to contamination of water, milk and animal produce, which are consumed directly by humans as well as animals. These drugs are not eliminated even by water treatment plant. Consumption of such contaminated water, milk, meat and poultry products results in reproductive disorders such as fertility loss in men and increase risk of different types of cancers in humans. Therefore, assessment of impact of environmental contamination by these drugs on living system is of paramount importance. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various research and review reports on different contraceptive and fertility drugs used in human and animals, their occurrence in the environment and their ill-effects on living systems. The approaches to control this invisible menace have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Madhu Bala
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Extraction and Determination of Three Steroid Molecules in Milk Using Functionalized Magnetic Carbon Nanotube-Based Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bioanalytical challenge: A review of environmental and pharmaceuticals contaminants in human milk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:318-325. [PMID: 27372148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An overview of bioanalytical methods for the determination of environmental and pharmaceutical contaminants in human milk is presented. The exposure of children to these contaminants through lactation has been widely investigated. The human milk contains diverse proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and the concentration of these components is drastically altered during the lactation period providing a high degree of an analytical challenge. Sample collection and pretreatment are still considered the Achilles' heel. This review presents liquid chromatographic methods developed in the last 10 years for this complex matrix with focuses in the extraction and quantification steps. Green sample preparation protocols have been emphasized.
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Socas-Rodríguez B, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of natural and synthetic estrogens in milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Socas-Rodríguez B, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Herrera-Herrera AV, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Chromatographic analysis of natural and synthetic estrogens in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simultaneous online SPE-LC-MS/MS quantification of six widely used synthetic progestins in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:961-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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