1
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Pfeil AJ, Hale JD, Zhang TS, Wakayama K, Miyazaki I, Odintsov I, Somwar R. Preclinical evaluation of targeted therapies for central nervous system metastases. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050836. [PMID: 39344915 PMCID: PMC11463968 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) represents a site of sanctuary for many metastatic tumors when systemic therapies that control the primary tumor cannot effectively penetrate intracranial lesions. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are the most likely of all neoplasms to metastasize to the brain, with up to 60% of patients developing CNS metastases during the disease process. Targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have helped reduce lung cancer mortality but vary considerably in their capacity to control CNS metastases. The ability of these therapies to effectively target lesions in the CNS depends on several of their pharmacokinetic properties, including blood-brain barrier permeability, affinity for efflux transporters, and binding affinity for both plasma and brain tissue. Despite the existence of numerous preclinical models with which to characterize these properties, many targeted therapies have not been rigorously tested for CNS penetration during the discovery process, whereas some made it through preclinical testing despite poor brain penetration kinetics. Several TKIs have now been engineered with the characteristics of CNS-penetrant drugs, with clinical trials proving these efforts fruitful. This Review outlines the extent and variability of preclinical evidence for the efficacy of NSCLC-targeted therapies, which have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or are in development, for treating CNS metastases, and how these data correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Joshua D. Hale
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Tiger S. Zhang
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Kentaro Wakayama
- Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 3, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Isao Miyazaki
- Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 3, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Igor Odintsov
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 021105, USA
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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2
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Thomas C, Byer-Alcorace A, Wang T. Human Serum Albumin Immobilized On Magnetizable Beads: A Rapid Method for Compound HSA Binding Study. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1359-1367. [PMID: 38325737 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) was developed by coupling His-tagged HSA onto Ni2+-coupled magnetizable beads (HSA-beads), allowing the HSA to be easily removed from incubation components. The HSA-beads system provides a rapid and convenient method to study HSA compound binding. In this study, the HSA-beads system was characterized and evaluated as a tool for assessing compound HSA binding properties. The free fraction (fu) values of test compounds measured using HSA-beads were comparable to those determined by equilibrium dialysis (ED), which is commonly used to evaluate albumin binding in vitro. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) values determined for a series of compounds using the HSA-beads method demonstrated good correlation with literature data. This good correlation also suggests that the binding of His-HSA to the beads does not impact the conformations of the two compound binding sites of HSA, as the range of compounds tested encompassed binding to both sites. Furthermore, the Kd values of representative compounds itraconazole and BIRT2584 that were difficult to assess using ED, due to significant cellulose membrane adsorption, were successfully determined. The HSA-beads provide several advantages over ED, such as simple preparation, short assay incubation duration, and the ability to quantify both free and HSA-bound species of the test compound, facilitated by the simple separation of HSA-beads from the solution phase using a magnetic field. These properties render the HSA-beads method suitable for high-throughput studies on compound HSA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Thomas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Alexander Byer-Alcorace
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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3
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Mlčochová H, Michalcová L, Glatz Z. Extending the application potential of capillary electrophoresis/frontal analysis for drug‐plasma protein studies by combining it with mass spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:955-963. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mlčochová
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalcová
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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4
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Obrezanova O, Martinsson A, Whitehead T, Mahmoud S, Bender A, Miljković F, Grabowski P, Irwin B, Oprisiu I, Conduit G, Segall M, Smith GF, Williamson B, Winiwarter S, Greene N. Prediction of In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Time-Exposure Curves in Rats Using Machine Learning from the Chemical Structure. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1488-1504. [PMID: 35412314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal pharmacokinetic (PK) data as well as human and animal in vitro systems are utilized in drug discovery to define the rate and route of drug elimination. Accurate prediction and mechanistic understanding of drug clearance and disposition in animals provide a degree of confidence for extrapolation to humans. In addition, prediction of in vivo properties can be used to improve design during drug discovery, help select compounds with better properties, and reduce the number of in vivo experiments. In this study, we generated machine learning models able to predict rat in vivo PK parameters and concentration-time PK profiles based on the molecular chemical structure and either measured or predicted in vitro parameters. The models were trained on internal in vivo rat PK data for over 3000 diverse compounds from multiple projects and therapeutic areas, and the predicted endpoints include clearance and oral bioavailability. We compared the performance of various traditional machine learning algorithms and deep learning approaches, including graph convolutional neural networks. The best models for PK parameters achieved R2 = 0.63 [root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.26] for clearance and R2 = 0.55 (RMSE = 0.46) for bioavailability. The models provide a fast and cost-efficient way to guide the design of molecules with optimal PK profiles, to enable the prediction of virtual compounds at the point of design, and to drive prioritization of compounds for in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Obrezanova
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Anton Martinsson
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Tom Whitehead
- Intellegens Ltd., Eagle Labs, Cambridge CB4 3AZ, U.K
| | - Samar Mahmoud
- Optibrium Ltd., Cambridge Innovation Park, Cambridge CB25 9PB, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Filip Miljković
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Piotr Grabowski
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Ben Irwin
- Optibrium Ltd., Cambridge Innovation Park, Cambridge CB25 9PB, U.K
| | - Ioana Oprisiu
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew Segall
- Optibrium Ltd., Cambridge Innovation Park, Cambridge CB25 9PB, U.K
| | - Graham F Smith
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Beth Williamson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Susanne Winiwarter
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Nigel Greene
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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5
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Dargó G, Bajusz D, Simon K, Müller J, Balogh GT. Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1763-1774. [PMID: 31995375 PMCID: PMC7307925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The knowledge on human serum albumin
(HSA) binding is of utmost
importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability
of drugs. In this article, we report a novel method to screen for
ionizable molecules with high HSA binding affinity based on pKa shifts using UV-pH titration. We investigated
the HSA binding of 27 drugs and compared the results to experimental
data from conventional methods. In most cases, significant shifts
(ΔpKa > 0.1) were observed for
drugs
with high HSA binding, while no change could be detected for low-affinity
binders. We showed the pivotal role of ionization centers in the formation
of strong interactions between drug and HSA using molecular docking
studies. We also verified our findings by testing five modified analogues
designed by structural considerations. Significant decreases in their
HSA binding proved that the UV-pH titration method combined with an
in silico support can be used as a medicinal chemistry tool to assist
rational molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Dargó
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary.,Chemistry Department , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Magyar tudósok krt. 2 , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kristóf Simon
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Judit Müller
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory II , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary.,Chemistry Department , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy , University of Szeged , 6720 Szeged , Hungary
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6
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Munck Af Rosenschöld M, Johannesson P, Nikitidis A, Tyrchan C, Chang HF, Rönn R, Chapman D, Ullah V, Nikitidis G, Glader P, Käck H, Bonn B, Wågberg F, Björkstrand E, Andersson U, Swedin L, Rohman M, Andreasson T, Bergström EL, Jiang F, Zhou XH, Lundqvist AJ, Malmberg A, Ek M, Gordon E, Pettersen A, Ripa L, Davis AM. Discovery of the Oral Leukotriene C4 Synthase Inhibitor (1 S,2 S)-2-({5-[(5-Chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid (AZD9898) as a New Treatment for Asthma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7769-7787. [PMID: 31415176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of asthma treatment, up to 50% of asthmatics remain uncontrolled. Many studies show that the cysteinyl leukotriene cascade remains highly activated in some asthmatics, even those on high-dose inhaled or oral corticosteroids. Hence, inhibition of the leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) enzyme could provide a new and differentiated core treatment for patients with a highly activated cysteinyl leukotriene cascade. Starting from a screening hit (3), a program to discover oral inhibitors of LTC4S led to (1S,2S)-2-({5-[(5-chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (AZD9898) (36), a picomolar LTC4S inhibitor (IC50 = 0.28 nM) with high lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE = 8.5), which displays nanomolar potency in cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cell, IC50,free = 6.2 nM) and good in vivo pharmacodynamics in a calcium ionophore-stimulated rat model after oral dosing (in vivo, IC50,free = 34 nM). Compound 36 mitigates the GABA binding, hepatic toxicity signal, and in vivo toxicology findings of an early lead compound 7 with a human dose predicted to be 30 mg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Rönn
- Orexo AB , Virdings allé 32A , SE-75450 Uppsala , Sweden
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7
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Frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis: recent advances and future perspectives. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1143-1159. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The developments on frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FACE) from 2012 to 2017 to study interactions of simple and complex systems are reviewed. Most research papers focused on therapeutic drug-related studies; however, other studies include chemical sensing, drug delivery, inhibitor screening and capillary coating. New ligand–substrate systems such as template-molecularly imprinted polymer systems were reported. Comparison of FACE with other analytical techniques used to investigate binding interaction, and the determination of binding parameters using different isotherm models are also covered. In 2017, eight research papers were reported including new detection by ESI–MS. Future research direction of FACE may include high sensitivity detection and throughput screening of drugs, natural products and biomarkers for clinical diagnosis.
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8
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Stereoselective protein binding studies of 2-(2-hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid enantiomers in rat, beagle dog and human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Borkar RM, Bhandi MM, Dubey AP, Ganga Reddy V, Komirishetty P, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT, Kamal A, Banerjee SK, Srinivas R. An evaluation of the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition potential of metoprolol metabolites and their contribution to drug-drug and drug-herb interaction by LC-ESI/MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1556-72. [PMID: 27006091 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of metabolites to drug-drug interaction and drug-herb interaction using the inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by metoprolol (MET) and its metabolites. The peak concentrations of unbound plasma concentration of MET, α-hydroxy metoprolol (HM), O-desmethyl metoprolol (ODM) and N-desisopropyl metoprolol (DIM) were 90.37 ± 2.69, 33.32 ± 1.92, 16.93 ± 1.70 and 7.96 ± 0.94 ng/mL, respectively. The metabolites identified, HM and ODM, had a ratio of metabolic area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to parent AUC of ≥0.25 when either total or unbound concentration of metabolite was considered. In vitro CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition by MET, HM and ODM study revealed that MET, HM and ODM were not inhibitors of CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam metabolism and CYP2D6-catalyzed dextromethorphan metabolism. However, DIM only met the criteria of >10% of the total drug related material and <25% of the parent using unbound concentrations. If CYP inhibition testing is solely based on metabolite exposure, DIM metabolite would probably not be considered. However, the present study has demonstrated that DIM contributes significantly to in vitro drug-drug interaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan M Borkar
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Murali Mohan Bhandi
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Ajay P Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - V Ganga Reddy
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Prajwal P Nandekar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - R Srinivas
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
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10
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Chhonker YS, Chandasana H, Mukkavilli R, Prasad YD, Laxman TS, Vangala S, Bhatta RS. Assessment ofin vitrometabolic stability, plasma protein binding, and pharmacokinetics ofE- andZ-guggulsterone in rat. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:966-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal S. Chhonker
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Hardik Chandasana
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Rao Mukkavilli
- Advinus Therapeutics Limited; Bengaluru Karnataka India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Yarra Durga Prasad
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Tulsankar Sachin Laxman
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | | | - Rabi S. Bhatta
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
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11
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Lambrinidis G, Vallianatou T, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. In vitro, in silico and integrated strategies for the estimation of plasma protein binding. A review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 86:27-45. [PMID: 25819487 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding (PPB) strongly affects drug distribution and pharmacokinetic behavior with consequences in overall pharmacological action. Extended plasma protein binding may be associated with drug safety issues and several adverse effects, like low clearance, low brain penetration, drug-drug interactions, loss of efficacy, while influencing the fate of enantiomers and diastereoisomers by stereoselective binding within the body. Therefore in holistic drug design approaches, where ADME(T) properties are considered in parallel with target affinity, considerable efforts are focused in early estimation of PPB mainly in regard to human serum albumin (HSA), which is the most abundant and most important plasma protein. The second critical serum protein α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), although often underscored, plays also an important and complicated role in clinical therapy and thus the last years it has been studied thoroughly too. In the present review, after an overview of the principles of HSA and AGP binding as well as the structure topology of the proteins, the current trends and perspectives in the field of PPB predictions are presented and discussed considering both HSA and AGP binding. Since however for the latter protein systematic studies have started only the last years, the review focuses mainly to HSA. One part of the review highlights the challenge to develop rapid techniques for HSA and AGP binding simulation and their performance in assessment of PPB. The second part focuses on in silico approaches to predict HSA and AGP binding, analyzing and evaluating structure-based and ligand-based methods, as well as combination of both methods in the aim to exploit the different information and overcome the limitations of each individual approach. Ligand-based methods use the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) methodology to establish quantitate models for the prediction of binding constants from molecular descriptors, while they provide only indirect information on binding mechanism. Efforts for the establishment of global models, automated workflows and web-based platforms for PPB predictions are presented and discussed. Structure-based methods relying on the crystal structures of drug-protein complexes provide detailed information on the underlying mechanism but are usually restricted to specific compounds. They are useful to identify the specific binding site while they may be important in investigating drug-drug interactions, related to PPB. Moreover, chemometrics or structure-based modeling may be supported by experimental data a promising integrated alternative strategy for ADME(T) properties optimization. In the case of PPB the use of molecular modeling combined with bioanalytical techniques is frequently used for the investigation of AGP binding.
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12
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Varadharajan S, Winiwarter S, Carlsson L, Engkvist O, Anantha A, Kogej T, Fridén M, Stålring J, Chen H. Exploring In Silico Prediction of the Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Drug Concentration Ratio: Model Validation, Renewal, and Interpretation. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1197-206. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Time dependent analysis of assay comparability: a novel approach to understand intra- and inter-site variability over time. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:795-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Borkar RM, Bhandi MM, Dubey AP, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT, Banerjee SK, Srinivas R. Plasma protein binding, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and CYP450 biotransformation studies of fidarestat by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:386-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Plowright AT, Nilsson K, Antonsson M, Amin K, Broddefalk J, Jensen J, Lehmann A, Jin S, St-Onge S, Tomaszewski MJ, Tremblay M, Walpole C, Wei Z, Yang H, Ulander J. Discovery of Agonists of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 with Restricted Central Nervous System Penetration Aimed for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 56:220-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301511h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alleyn T. Plowright
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Karolina Nilsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Kosrat Amin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Johan Broddefalk
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jensen
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Anders Lehmann
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Shujuan Jin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Stephane St-Onge
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mirosław J. Tomaszewski
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Christopher Walpole
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Zhongyong Wei
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Johan Ulander
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
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16
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Grey JL, Thompson DH. Challenges and opportunities for new protein crystallization strategies in structure-based drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:1039-45. [PMID: 21116481 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.515583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) has emerged as a valuable pharmaceutical lead discovery tool, showing potential for accelerating the discovery process,while reducing developmental costs and boosting potencies of the drug that is ultimately selected. SBDD is an iterative, rational, lead compound sculpting process that involves both the synthesis of new derivatives and the evaluation of their binding to the target structure either through computational docking or elucidation of the target structure as a complex with the lead compound. This method heavily relies on the production of high resolution(< 2 Å) 3D structures of the drug target, obtained through X-ray crystallographic analysis, in the presence or absence of the drug candidate.The lack of generalized methods for high quality crystal production is still a major bottleneck in the process of macromolecular crystallization. This review provides a brief introduction to SBDD and describes several macromolecular crystallization strategies, with an emphasis on advances and challenges facing researchers in the field today. Recent trends in the development of more universal macromolecular crystallization techniques, particularly nucleation-based techniques that are applicable to both soluble and integral membrane proteins, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lynn Grey
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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17
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Gonciarz A, Kus K, Szafarz M, Walczak M, Zakrzewska A, Szymura-Oleksiak J. Capillary electrophoresis/frontal analysis versus equilibrium dialysis in dexamethasone sodium phosphate-serum albumin binding studies. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3323-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET); Jagiellonian University; Krakow; Poland
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18
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Espada A, Molina-Martin M. Capillary electrophoresis and small molecule drug discovery: a perfect match? Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:396-404. [PMID: 22387356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique based on the separation of the analytes within a capillary owing to their different electrophoretic mobilities. It is widely used in pharmaceutical analyses owing to its versatility and high separation power. However, its penetration into the drug discovery scene has been relatively limited until recent years. Several factors have contributed to this low implementation, including the maturity of liquid chromatography, the scarcity of experienced CE practitioners, and certain limitations intrinsic to the technique. Recently, instrumental improvements and the growing demand for analytical information have lead to a continuously expanding range of routine electrophoretic applications throughout pharmaceutical discovery and development. In this article we review CE fundamentals, review well-established CE methodologies in drug discovery of small molecules and discuss trends that, in our opinion, might emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Espada
- Analytical Technologies Department, Centro de Investigación Lilly SA, Avda de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Tong Z, Hage DS. Characterization of interaction kinetics between chiral solutes and human serum albumin by using high-performance affinity chromatography and peak profiling. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6892-7. [PMID: 21872871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peak profiling and high-performance columns containing immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) were used to study the interaction kinetics of chiral solutes with this protein. This approach was tested using the phenytoin metabolites 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) as model analytes. HSA columns provided some resolution of the enantiomers for each phenytoin metabolite, which made it possible to simultaneously conduct kinetic studies on each chiral form. The dissociation rate constants for these interactions were determined by using both the single flow rate and multiple flow rate peak profiling methods. Corrections for non-specific interactions with the support were also considered. The final estimates obtained at pH 7.4 and 37°C for the dissociation rate constants of these interactions were 8.2-9.6 s(-1) for the two enantiomers of m-HPPH and 3.2-4.1 s(-1) for the enantiomers of p-HPPH. These rate constants agreed with previous values that have been reported for other drugs and solutes that have similar affinities and binding regions on HSA. The approach used in this report was not limited to phenytoin metabolites or HSA but could be applied to a variety of other chiral solutes and proteins. This method could also be adopted for use in the rapid screening of drug-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghan Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
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20
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In silico prediction of unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio using machine learning algorithms. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:985-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Gustafsson SS, Vrang L, Terelius Y, Danielson UH. Quantification of interactions between drug leads and serum proteins by use of “binding efficiency”. Anal Biochem 2011; 409:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Buttar D, Colclough N, Gerhardt S, MacFaul PA, Phillips SD, Plowright A, Whittamore P, Tam K, Maskos K, Steinbacher S, Steuber H. A combined spectroscopic and crystallographic approach to probing drug–human serum albumin interactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7486-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Retention of structurally diverse drugs in human serum albumin chromatography and its potential to simulate plasma protein binding. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5761-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Joseph K, Hage DS. Characterization of the binding of sulfonylurea drugs to HSA by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1590-8. [PMID: 20435530 PMCID: PMC2876334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylurea drugs are often prescribed as a treatment for type II diabetes to help lower blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin secretion. These drugs are believed to primarily bind in blood to human serum albumin (HSA). This study used high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) to examine the binding of sulfonylureas to HSA. Frontal analysis with an immobilized HSA column was used to determine the association equilibrium constants (Ka) and number of binding sites on HSA for the sulfonylurea drugs acetohexamide and tolbutamide. The results from frontal analysis indicated HSA had a group of relatively high-affinity binding regions and weaker binding sites for each drug, with average Ka values of 1.3 (+/-0.2) x 10(5) and 3.5 (+/-3.0) x 10(2) M(-1) for acetohexamide and values of 8.7 (+/-0.6) x 10(4) and 8.1 (+/-1.7) x 10(3) M(-1) for tolbutamide. Zonal elution and competition studies with site-specific probes were used to further examine the relatively high-affinity interactions of these drugs by looking directly at the interactions that were occurring at Sudlow sites I and II of HSA (i.e., the major drug-binding sites on this protein). It was found that acetohexamide was able to bind at both Sudlow sites I and II, with Ka values of 1.3 (+/-0.1) x 10(5) and 4.3 (+/-0.3) x 10(4) M(-1), respectively, at 37 degrees C. Tolbutamide also appeared to interact with both Sudlow sites I and II, with Ka values of 5.5 (+/-0.2) x 10(4) and 5.3 (+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1), respectively. The results provide a more quantitative picture of how these drugs bind with HSA and illustrate how HPAC and related tools can be used to examine relatively complex drug-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.S. Joseph
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
| | - David S. Hage
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
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25
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Automated solid-phase microextraction and thin-film microextraction for high-throughput analysis of biological fluids and ligand–receptor binding studies. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:140-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. Automated study of ligand–receptor binding using solid-phase microextraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:550-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Schiel JE, Ohnmacht CM, Hage DS. Measurement of drug-protein dissociation rates by high-performance affinity chromatography and peak profiling. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4320-33. [PMID: 19422253 PMCID: PMC3443976 DOI: 10.1021/ac9000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which a drug or other small solute interacts with a protein is important in understanding the biological and pharmacokinetic behavior of these agents. One approach that has been developed for examining these rates involves the use of high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) and estimates of band-broadening through peak profiling. Previous work with this method has been based on a comparison of the statistical moments for a retained analyte versus nonretained species at a single, high flow rate to obtain information on stationary phase mass transfer. In this study an alternative approach was created that allows a broad range of flow rates to be used for examining solute-protein dissociation rates. Chromatographic theory was employed to derive equations that could be used with this approach on a single column, as well as with multiple columns to evaluate and correct for the impact of stagnant mobile phase mass transfer. The interaction of L-tryptophan with human serum albumin was used as a model system to test this method. A dissociation rate constant of 2.7 (+/-0.2) s(-1) was obtained by this approach at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, which was in good agreement with previous values determined by other methods. The techniques described in this report can be applied to other biomolecular systems and should be valuable for the determination of drug-protein dissociation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
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28
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Joseph K, Moser AC, Basiaga S, Schiel JE, Hage DS. Evaluation of alternatives to warfarin as probes for Sudlow site I of human serum albumin: characterization by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3492-500. [PMID: 18926542 PMCID: PMC2692431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Warfarin is often used as a site-specific probe for examining the binding of drugs and other solutes to Sudlow site I of human serum albumin (HSA). However, warfarin has strong binding to HSA and the two chiral forms of warfarin have slightly different binding affinities for this protein. Warfarin also undergoes a slow change in structure when present in common buffers used for binding studies. This report examined the use of four related, achiral compounds (i.e., coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin) as possible alternative probes for Sudlow site I in drug binding studies. High-performance affinity chromatography and immobilized HSA columns were used to compare and evaluate the binding properties of these probe candidates. Binding for each of the tested probe candidates to HSA was found to give a good fit to a two-site model. The first group of sites had moderate-to-high affinities for the probe candidates with association equilibrium constants that ranged from 6.4 x 10(3)M(-1) (coumarin) to 5.5 x 10(4)M(-1) (4-hydroxycoumarin) at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The second group of weaker, and probably non-specific, binding regions, had association equilibrium constants that ranged from 3.8 x 10(1)M(-1) (7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin) to 7.3 x 10(2)M(-1) (coumarin). Competition experiments based on zonal elution indicated that all of these probe candidates competed with warfarin at their high affinity regions. Warfarin also showed competition with coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxy-4-methycoumarin for their weak affinity sites but appeared to not bind and/or compete for all of the weak sites of 4-hydroxycoumarin. It was found from this group that 4-hydroxycoumarin was the best alternative to warfarin for examining the interactions of drugs at Sudlow site I on HSA. These results also provided information on how the major structural components of warfarin contribute to the binding of this drug at Sudlow site I.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.S. Joseph
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
| | - Annette C. Moser
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
| | - Sara Basiaga
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
| | - John E. Schiel
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
| | - David S. Hage
- Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 (USA)
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29
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Wan H, Åhman M, Holmén AG. Relationship between Brain Tissue Partitioning and Microemulsion Retention Factors of CNS Drugs. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1693-700. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801441s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wan
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Åhman
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders G. Holmén
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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30
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Mallik R, Yoo MJ, Chen S, Hage DS. Studies of verapamil binding to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:69-75. [PMID: 18980867 PMCID: PMC2597894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of verapamil to the protein human serum albumin (HSA) was examined by using high-performance affinity chromatography. Many previous reports have investigated the binding of verapamil with HSA, but the exact strength and nature of this interaction (e.g. the number and location of binding sites) is still unclear. In this study, frontal analysis indicated that at least one major binding site was present for R- and S-verapamil on HSA, with estimated association equilibrium constants on the order of 10(4)M(-1) and a 1.4-fold difference in these values for the verapamil enantiomers at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The presence of a second, weaker group of binding sites on HSA was also suggested by these results. Competitive binding studies using zonal elution were carried out between verapamil and various probe compounds that have known interactions with several major and minor sites on HSA. R/S-Verapamil was found to have direct competition with S-warfarin, indicating that verapamil was binding to Sudlow site I (i.e. the warfarin-azapropazone site of HSA). The average association equilibrium constant for R- and S-verapamil at this site was 1.4 (+/-0.1)x10(4)M(-1). Verapamil did not have any notable binding to Sudlow site II of HSA but did appear to have some weak allosteric interactions with l-tryptophan, a probe for this site. An allosteric interaction between verapamil and tamoxifen (a probe for the tamoxifen site) was also noted, which was consistent with the binding of verapamil at Sudlow site I. No interaction was seen between verapamil and digitoxin, a probe for the digitoxin site of HSA. These results gave good agreement with previous observations made in the literature and help provide a more detailed description of how verapamil is transported in blood and of how it may interact with other drugs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangan Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Michelle J. Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Sike Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S. Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
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31
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Dishinger JF, Kennedy RT. Multiplexed detection and applications for separations on parallel microchips. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3296-305. [PMID: 18702055 PMCID: PMC2597776 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been performed since the development of the lab-on-a-chip concept that has brought microfabricated systems to the forefront of bioanalytical research. The success of using these microchips for performing complicated biological assays faster and cheaper than conventional methods has facilitated their emerging popularity among researchers. A recently exploited advantage of microfabricated technology has led to the creation of single wafers with multiple channel manifolds for high-throughput experiments. Efforts toward parallel microchip development have yielded fascinating new devices for chemical separations showing the potential for replacing conventional multiplexing techniques. This review will focus on recent work toward multiplexed separations on microdevices and complementary detection instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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32
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Waters NJ, Jones R, Williams G, Sohal B. Validation of a rapid equilibrium dialysis approach for the measurement of plasma protein binding. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:4586-95. [PMID: 18300299 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrium dialysis (ED) is one of the most frequently used approaches to investigate drug binding, where the major drawbacks are the time to reach equilibrium (varying between 6 and 24 h), a long assay preparation time and complexity of automation. A rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED) device has recently become commercially available (Pierce Biotechnology, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) offering the potential for reduced preparation and equilibration times. The RED device comprises a Teflon base plate which holds up to 48 disposable dialysis cells. Each dialysis insert is made up of two side-by-side chambers separated by a vertical cylinder of dialysis membrane with a high membrane surface area-to-volume ratio. An independent validation of the RED approach for the measurement of human plasma protein binding (PPB) was carried out as a comparative analysis with standard ED evaluating equilibration time, assay reproducibility and accuracy and ease of use. Using a diverse set of 18 commercially available drugs spanning a range of physicochemical properties we have shown this to be a robust and accurate methodology, with a shorter preparation and dialysis time, capable of being automated as a high-throughput assay for the determination of PPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waters
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Group, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK.
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33
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34
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Poucher SM, Freeman S, Loxham SJG, Convey G, Bartlett JB, De Schoolmeester J, Teague J, Walker M, Turnbull AV, Charles AD, Carey F, Berg S. An assessment of the in vivo efficacy of the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor GPi688 in rat models of hyperglycaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1239-47. [PMID: 17934512 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies in cultured hepatocytes demonstrate glycogen synthase (GS) activation with glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors. The current study investigated whether these phenomena occurred in vivo using a novel GP inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An allosteric GP inhibitor, GPi688, was evaluated against both glucagon-mediated hyperglycaemia and oral glucose challenge-mediated hyperglycaemia to determine the relative effects against GP and GS in vivo. KEY RESULTS In rat primary hepatocytes, GPi688 inhibited glucagons-mediated glucose output in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally GP activity was reduced and GS activity increased seven-fold. GPi688 inhibited glucagon-mediated hyperglycaemia in both Wistar (65%) & obese Zucker (100%) rats and demonstrated a long duration of action in the Zucker rat. The in vivo efficacy in the glucagon challenge model could be predicted by the equation; % glucagon inhibition=56.9+34.3[log ([free plasma]/rat IC50)], r=0.921). GPi688 also reduced the blood glucose of obese Zucker rats after a 7 h fast by 23%. In an oral glucose tolerance test in Zucker rats, however, GPi688 was less efficacious (7% reduction) than a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor (22% reduction), despite also observing activation (by 45%) of GS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although GP inhibition can inhibit hyperglycaemia mediated by increased glucose production, the degree of GS activation induced by allosteric GP inhibitors in vivo, although discernible, is insufficient to increase glucose disposal. The data suggests that GP inhibitors might be more effective clinically against fasting rather than prandial hyperglycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Poucher
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Discovery Department, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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