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Rainer T, Egger AS, Zeindl R, Tollinger M, Kwiatkowski M, Müller T. 3D-Printed High-Pressure-Resistant Immobilized Enzyme Microreactor (μIMER) for Protein Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8580-8587. [PMID: 35678765 PMCID: PMC9218953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Additive manufacturing
(3D printing) has greatly revolutionized
the way researchers approach certain technical challenges. Despite
its outstanding print quality and resolution, stereolithography (SLA)
printing is cost-effective and relatively accessible. However, applications
involving mass spectrometry (MS) are few due to residual oligomers
and additives leaching from SLA-printed devices that interfere with
MS analyses. We identified the crosslinking agent urethane dimethacrylate
as the main contaminant derived from SLA prints. A stringent washing
and post-curing protocol mitigated sample contamination and rendered
SLA prints suitable for MS hyphenation. Thereafter, SLA printing was
used to produce 360 μm I.D. microcolumn chips with excellent
structural properties. By packing the column with polystyrene microspheres
and covalently immobilizing pepsin, an exceptionally effective microscale
immobilized enzyme reactor (μIMER) was created. Implemented
in an online liquid chromatography-MS/MS setup, the protease microcolumn
enabled reproducible protein digestion and peptide mapping with 100%
sequence coverage obtained for three different recombinant proteins.
Additionally, when assessing the μIMER digestion efficiency
for complex proteome samples, it delivered a 144-fold faster and significantly
more efficient protein digestion compared to 24 h for bulk digestion.
The 3D-printed μIMER withstands remarkably high pressures above
130 bar and retains its activity for several weeks. This versatile
platform will enable researchers to produce tailored polymer-based
enzyme reactors for various applications in analytical chemistry and
beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rainer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ricarda Zeindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Shafiei N, Nasrollahzadeh M, Iravani S. Green Synthesis of Silica and Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical and Catalytic Applications. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2021.1904912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Shafiei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Zdarta J, Meyer AS, Jesionowski T, Pinelo M. Multi-faceted strategy based on enzyme immobilization with reactant adsorption and membrane technology for biocatalytic removal of pollutants: A critical review. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rapid proteolytic digestion and peptide separation using monolithic enzyme microreactor coupled with capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:129-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Zhang C, Rodriguez E, Bi C, Zheng X, Suresh D, Suh K, Li Z, Elsebaei F, Hage DS. High performance affinity chromatography and related separation methods for the analysis of biological and pharmaceutical agents. Analyst 2018; 143:374-391. [PMID: 29200216 PMCID: PMC5768458 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed the development of many high-performance separation methods that use biologically related binding agents. The combination of HPLC with these binding agents results in a technique known as high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC). This review will discuss the general principles of HPAC and related techniques, with an emphasis on their use for the analysis of biological compounds and pharmaceutical agents. Various types of binding agents for these methods will be considered, including antibodies, immunoglobulin-binding proteins, aptamers, enzymes, lectins, transport proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Formats that will be discussed for these methods range from the direct detection of an analyte to indirect detection based on chromatographic immunoassays, as well as schemes based on analyte extraction or depletion, post-column detection, and multi-column systems. The use of biological agents in HPLC for chiral separations will also be considered, along with the use of HPAC as a tool to screen or study biological interactions. Various examples will be presented to illustrate these approaches and their applications in fields such as biochemistry, clinical chemistry, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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6
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Immobilization of Lipase by Ionic Liquid-Modified Mesoporous SiO2 Adsorption and Calcium Alginate-Embedding Method. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:606-618. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Moore S, Hess S, Jorgenson J. Characterization of an immobilized enzyme reactor for on-line protein digestion. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1476:1-8. [PMID: 27876348 PMCID: PMC5136339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the developments for faster liquid chromatographic and mass spectral detection techniques, the standard in-solution protein digestion for proteomic analyses has remained relatively unchanged. The typical in-solution trypsin protein digestion is usually the slowest part of the workflow, albeit one of the most important. The development of a highly efficient immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) with rapid performance for on-line protein digestion would greatly decrease the analysis time involved in a proteomic workflow. Presented here is the development of a silica based IMER for on-line protein digestion, which produced rapid digestions in the presence of organic mobile phase for both model proteins and a complex sample consisting of the insoluble portion of a yeast cell lysate. Protein sequence coverage and identifications evaluated between the IMER and in-solution digestions were comparable. Overall, for a yeast cell lysate with only a 10s volumetric residence time on-column, the IMER identified 507 proteins while the in-solution digestion identified 490. There were no significant differences observed based on identified protein's molecular weight or isoelectric point between the two digestion methods. Implementation of the IMER into the proteomic workflow provided similar protein identification results, automation for sample analysis, and reduced the analysis time by 15h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Moore
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Stephanie Hess
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - James Jorgenson
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Karthikeyan S, Kurt Z, Pandey G, Spain JC. Immobilized Biocatalyst for Detection and Destruction of the Insensitive Explosive, 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11193-11199. [PMID: 27617621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and convenient detection of explosive components is vital for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from national security and demilitarization to environmental monitoring and restoration. With the increasing use of DNAN as a replacement for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in insensitive explosive formulations, there has been a growing interest in strategies to minimize its release and to understand and predict its behavior in the environment. Consequently, a convenient tool for its detection and destruction could enable development of more effective decontamination and demilitarization strategies. Biosensors and biocatalysts have limited applicability to the more traditional explosives because of the inherent limitations of the relevant enzymes. Here, we report a highly specific, convenient and robust biocatalyst based on a novel ether hydrolase enzyme, DNAN demethylase (that requires no cofactors), from a Nocardioides strain that can mineralize DNAN. Biogenic silica encapsulation was used to stabilize the enzyme and enable it to be packed into a model microcolumn for application as a biosensor or as a bioreactor for continuous destruction of DNAN. The immobilized enzyme was stable and not inhibited by other insensitive munitions constituents. An alternative method for DNAN detection involved coating the encapsulated enzyme on cellulose filter paper. The hydrolase based biocatalyst could provide the basis for a wide spectrum of applications including detection, identification, destruction or inertion of explosives containing DNAN (demilitarization operations), and for environmental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruthi Karthikeyan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zohre Kurt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services , Calle Pullpn, Panamá, Panama
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- CSIRO Land and Water , Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2615, Australia
| | - Jim C Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation, University of West Florida , 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida 32514-5751, United States
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9
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Ghafourifar G, Waldron KC. Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging of an Immobilized Enzyme Microreactor to Investigate Glutaraldehyde-Mediated Crosslinking of Chymotrypsin. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1075128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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dos Santos JCS, Rueda N, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Tuning the catalytic properties of lipases immobilized on divinylsulfone activated agarose by altering its nanoenvironment. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 77:1-7. [PMID: 26138393 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) and lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) have been immobilized on divinylsulfone (DVS) activated agarose beads at pH 10 for 72 h. Then, as a reaction end point, very different nucleophiles have been used to block the support and the effect of the nature of the blocking reagent has been analyzed on the features of the immobilized preparations. The blocking has generally positive effects on enzyme stability in both thermal and organic solvent inactivations. For example, CALB improved 7.5-fold the thermal stability after blocking with imidazole. The effect on enzyme activity was more variable, strongly depending on the substrate and the experimental conditions. Referring to CALB; using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) and methyl phenylacetate, activity always improved by the blocking step, whatever the blocking reagent, while with methyl mandelate or ethyl hexanoate not always the blocking presented a positive effect. Other example is TLL-DVS biocatalyst blocked with Cys. This was more than 8 times more active than the non-blocked preparation and become the most active versus p-NPB at pH 7, the least active versus methyl phenylacetate at pH 5 but the third one most active at pH 9, versus methyl mandelate presented lower activity than the unblocked preparation at pH 5 and versus ethyl hexanoate was the most active at all pH values. That way, enzyme specificity could be strongly altered by this blocking step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C S dos Santos
- ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus Do Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nazzoly Rueda
- ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luciana R B Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus Do Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme reactor using particle-packing technique. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1352:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Ghafourifar G, Fleitz A, Waldron KC. Development of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chymotrypsin and an in situ immobilized enzyme microreactor with peptide mapping by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1804-11. [PMID: 23686566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized proteolytic enzymes present several advantages over their soluble form, not the least of which is suppression of autoproteolysis peaks even at high enzyme-to-substrate ratios. We have made immobilized chymotrypsin by directly crosslinking it with glutaraldehyde to produce polymeric particles. Digestion of two model substrates using the particles was followed by CE peptide mapping with detection by UV absorbance or LIF. Results showed that autoproteolysis was highly suppressed and that different storage conditions of the particles in the short term (24 h) did not affect digestion of denatured BSA. As well, the chymotrypsin particles were indifferent to the presence of fluorescein groups on a casein substrate. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking of chymotrypsin inside a fused silica capillary column to make an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) was achieved in a series of reagent addition and washing steps, entirely automated using a commercial CE instrument. Digestion of myoglobin in the IMER for 30 min at 37°C followed by peptide mapping by CE-MS of the collected digest allowed identification of 17 chymotryptic peptides of myoglobin, or 83% primary sequence coverage.
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Bayne L, Ulijn RV, Halling PJ. Effect of pore size on the performance of immobilised enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9000-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Kawakami K, Ueno M, Takei T, Oda Y, Takahashi R. Application of a Burkholderia cepacia lipase-immobilized silica monolith micro-bioreactor to continuous-flow kinetic resolution for transesterification of (R, S)-1-phenylethanol. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
The development of coimmobilized multi-enzymatic systems is increasingly driven by economic and environmental constraints that provide an impetus to develop alternatives to conventional multistep synthetic methods. As in nature, enzyme-based systems work cooperatively to direct the formation of desired products within the defined compartmentalization of a cell. In an attempt to mimic biology, coimmobilization is intended to immobilize a number of sequential or cooperating biocatalysts on the same support to impart stability and enhance reaction kinetics by optimizing catalytic turnover. There are three primary reasons for the utilization of coimmobilized enzymes: to enhance the efficiency of one of the enzymes by the in-situ generation of its substrate, to simplify a process that is conventionally carried out in several steps and/or to eliminate undesired by-products of an enzymatic reaction. As such, coimmobilization provides benefits that span numerous biotechnological applications, from biosensing of molecules to cofactor recycling and to combination of multiple biocatalysts for the synthesis of valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Betancor
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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