DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LAMIVUDINE AND ZIDOVUDINE IN COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM USING QUALITY BY DESIGN APPROACH

Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods

The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.

Application of the Life Cycle Management of Analytical methods concept to a HPTLC-DPPH assay method for acteoside content in industrial extracts of Plantago lanceolata L

Analytical methods used for quality control of plants and plant extracts are based on the identification and quantification of chemical markers to manage batch reproducibility and efficacy. The aim of this work was to assess the performance of a High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method developed for quality control of industrial dry extracts of ribwort plantain (P. lanceolata L.), using 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) effect directed chemical reaction for antioxidant activity of acteoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside commonly used as a marker for P. lanceolata L., and to demonstrate the applicability of the Life Cycle Management of Analytical Methods concept to quantitative HPTLC-DPPH methods. The first step was the determination of the Analytical Target Profile (ATP) and Target Measurement Uncertainty (TMU), taking into account the quality control requirements for such extracts and the detection method applicable range. Once the desired range was established, an evaluation of the calibration function was conducted using several calibration models. Due to the lack of reference samples, spiked samples were used to evaluate the accuracy of the method by means of Total Analytical Error (TAE) determination, using prediction intervals calculation for the selected calibration functions. Measurement Uncertainty (MU) was also estimated, allowing the final choice of the calibration function to be used for quality control, giving the most fit for purpose performance level in accordance with the product specifications. As Life Cycle Management of the method also includes its routine use, the Measurement Uncertainty was checked on spiked and unspiked extract samples with different dilution levels, in order to verify the accordance of results between spiked and unspiked samples and to prepare a replication strategy to be applied during the routine use of the method.

Determination of Asenapine Maleate in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices: A Critical Review of Analytical Techniques over the Past Decade

Asenapine maleate is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder. It is available as a fast-dissolving sublingual tablet to avoid extensive first-pass metabolism with higher bioavailability as compared to oral formulations. Although, the established therapeutic solutions do not sufficiently satisfy the patient's safety and efficacy needs. Thus, the core research emphasis is to investigate strategies to produce novel formulations with enhanced safety and efficacy. This necessitates the development of robust, precise, and accurate methods for quantification of asenapine maleate in different sample matrices. Given the foregoing information, the current analysis concentrates on the different analytical techniques used to assess asenapine maleate in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological specimens. Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with UV detection is a majorly (nearly 50% of papers investigated) used technique for the estimation of asenapine maleate in formulations. On the other hand, for its quantification in the biological matrix, hyphenated techniques using mass spectrometry are widely used. This critical review reveals different analytical methodologies, including spectrophotometric, chromatographic, capillary electrophoresis techniques reported from 2011 to 2020, for the measurement of asenapine maleate in various sample matrices. The information presented in this review would be useful in future research for robust analytical method development for asenapine maleate utilizing a more scientific and risk-based approach. Also, it would aid to minimize analytical failure as well as method fine-tuning throughout the product life cycle. Further, this review may also direct scientists toward the development of methodologies for green research.

Systematic Development and Validation of a Thin-Layer Densitometric Bioanalytical Method for Estimation of Mangiferin Employing Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) Approach

The present work aims at the systematic development of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive densitometry-based thin-layer chromatographic method for the quantification of mangiferin in bioanalytical samples. Initially, the quality target method profile was defined and critical analytical attributes (CAAs) earmarked, namely, retardation factor (Rf), peak height, capacity factor, theoretical plates and separation number. Face-centered cubic design was selected for optimization of volume loaded and plate dimensions as the critical method parameters selected from screening studies employing D-optimal and Plackett-Burman design studies, followed by evaluating their effect on the CAAs. The mobile phase containing a mixture of ethyl acetate : acetic acid : formic acid : water in a 7 : 1 : 1 : 1 (v/v/v/v) ratio was finally selected as the optimized solvent for apt chromatographic separation of mangiferin at 262 nm withRf 0.68 ± 0.02 and all other parameters within the acceptance limits. Method validation studies revealed high linearity in the concentration range of 50-800 ng/band for mangiferin. The developed method showed high accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, specificity, sensitivity, selectivity and recovery. In a nutshell, the bioanalytical method for analysis of mangiferin in plasma revealed the presence of well-resolved peaks and high recovery of mangiferin.