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Plesnik H, Bosnjak M, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Kosjek T. An effective validation of analytical method for determination of a polar complexing agent: the illustrative case of cytotoxic bleomycin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2737-2748. [PMID: 37041279 PMCID: PMC10185589 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of highly polar agents in cancer treatment is well recognized, but their physicochemical properties make their analytical determination a demanding task. Their analysis requires peculiar sample preparation and chromatographic separation, which heavily impacts the precision of such an analytical method. As a case study, we chose a polar cytotoxic bleomycin, which is a mixture of complexing congeners with relatively high molecular mass, a fact that creates an added challenge in regard to its detection via electrospray mass spectrometry. These issues combined lead to a deprived method performance, so the aim of this study is manifold, i.e., to optimize, validate, and establish quality performance measures for determination of bleomycin in pharmaceutical and biological specimens. Quantification of bleomycin is done at diametrically different concentration levels: at the concentrations relevant for analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms it is based on a direct reversed-phase HPLC-UV detection, involving minimum sample pretreatment. On the contrary, analysis of bleomycin in biological specimens requires phospholipid removal and protein precipitation followed by HILIC chromatography with MS/MS detection of bleomycin A2 and B2 copper complexes being the predominant species. This study further attempts to solve the traceability issue in the absence of certified reference standards, determines measurement uncertainty, investigates BLM stability and method performance characteristics, and, last but not least, provides an explanatory example of how a method quality assurance procedure should be established in case of an exceedingly complex analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Plesnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Masa Bosnjak
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Voltammetric Quantification of Anti-Cancer Antibiotic Bleomycin Using an Electrochemically Pretreated and Decorated with Lead Nanoparticles Screen-Printed Sensor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010472. [PMID: 36613924 PMCID: PMC9820353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for the determination of the anti-cancer antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) based on a screen-printed carbon sensor that is electrochemically pretreated and decorated with lead nanoparticles in the sample solution (pSPCE/PbNPs). These sensor surface manipulations contribute to significant amplification of the analytical signal and improvement of its shape and repeatability. The effect of the electrochemical behavior of BLM on the pSPCE/PbNPs was examined by electrochemical strategies. CV, EIS, and XPS were used to compare the sensor surface modifications. The effects of the type and pH of the supporting electrolyte and the procedure parameters were optimized. The features of the proposed procedure include: (a) very low limits of detection and quantification (2.8 × 10-11 and 9.3 × 10-11 M, respectively), (b) linear ranges (1.0 × 10-10-2.0 × 10-9 M and 2.0 × 10-9-2.0 × 10-8 M, and (c) a high sensitivity of 0.32 µA/nM. The electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for the determination of BLM in wastewater and reference material of human urine samples.
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Molecular beacon-templated silver nanoclusters as a fluorescent probe for determination of bleomycin via DNA scission. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:403. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Crotti S, Posocco B, Marangon E, Nitti D, Toffoli G, Agostini M. Mass spectrometry in the pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer natural products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:213-251. [PMID: 26280357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the history of medicine, nature has represented the main source of medical products. Indeed, the therapeutic use of plants certainly goes back to the Sumerian and Hippocrates and nowadays nature still represents the major source for new drugs discovery. Moreover, in the cancer treatment, drugs are either natural compounds or have been developed from naturally occurring parent compounds firstly isolated from plants and microbes from terrestrial and marine environment. A critical element of an anticancer drug is represented by its severe toxicities and, after administration, the drug concentrations have to remain in an appropriate range to be effective. Anyway, the drug dosage defined during the clinical studies could be inappropriate for an individual patient due to differences in drug absorption, metabolism and excretion. For this reason, personalized medicine, based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), represents one of most important challenges in cancer therapy. Mass spectrometry sensitivity, specificity and fastness lead to elect this technique as the Golden Standard for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies therefore for TDM. This review focuses on the mass spectrometry-based methods developed for pharmacokinetic quantification in human plasma of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources and already used in clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed both on the pre-analytical and analytical steps, such as: sample preparation procedures, sample size required by the analysis and the limit of quantification of drugs and metabolites to give some insights on the clinical practice applicability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:213-251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crotti
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Kosjek T, Krajnc A, Gornik T, Zigon D, Groselj A, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Identification and quantification of bleomycin in serum and tumor tissue by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 160:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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