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Custodio-Mendoza JA, Pokorski P, Aktaş H, Napiórkowska A, Kurek MA. Advances in Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Phytochemicals in Foods: Bridging Gaps and Exploring New Horizons. Foods 2024; 13:2268. [PMID: 39063352 PMCID: PMC11276055 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromatographic analysis of phenolic phytochemicals in foods has significantly advanced over the past decade (2014-2024), meeting increasing demands for precision and efficiency. This review covers both conventional and advanced chromatographic techniques used for detecting phenolic phytochemicals in foods. Conventional methods like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin-Layer Chromatography, and Gas Chromatography are discussed, along with their benefits and limitations. Advanced techniques, including Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Nano-LC, Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis, are highlighted for their innovations and improved capabilities. The review addresses challenges in current chromatographic methods, emphasizing the need for standardized and validated procedures according to the Food and Drug Administration, European Cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories, and The International Organization for Standardization guidelines to ensure reliable and reproducible results. It also considers novel strategies for reducing the environmental impact of chromatographic methods, advocating for sustainable practices in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Andrzej Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.A.C.-M.); (P.P.); (H.A.); (A.N.)
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Jenke D, Christiaens P, Heise T. Identification and quantification of medical device extractables and leachables via non-target analysis (NTA); Analytical uncertainty. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:115985. [PMID: 38301578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Leachables are substances that are leached from a medical device during its clinical use and are important due to the patient health-related effects they may have. Thus, medical devices are profiled for leachables (and/or extractables as probable leachables) to assess their potential impact on patient health and safety. This profiling is accomplished by screening extracts or leachates of the medical device for released organic substances via non-targeted analysis (NTA) employing chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Chromatographic mass spectral response factors (RFs) for extractables and leachables vary significantly from compound to compound, complicating the quantitation of these compounds and the application of assessment strategies such as the Analytical Evaluation Threshold (AET). The analytical uncertainty resulting from response factor variation can be expressed in terms of an uncertainty factor (UF), which estimates the magnitude of response factor variation. This manuscript discusses the concept and impact of analytical uncertainty and provides best practice recommendations for the calculation and use of the uncertainty factor, UF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jenke
- Triad Scientific Solutions, LLC, 181 Peregrine Lane, Hawthorn Woods, IL 60047, USA.
| | | | - Ted Heise
- Medical Engineering & Development Institute Incorporated, USA
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Evaluation of Retention Range of Extractables Under Linear Gradient Conditions for Reversed-Phase Chromatographic Considerations and Requirements in Extractables Analytical Methods for Chemical Characterization of Medical Devices. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Analytical challenges and recent advances in the identification and quantitation of extractables and leachables in pharmaceutical and medical products. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Leachables from plastic materials in contact with drugs. State of the art and review of current analytical approaches. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zdravkovic SA, Duong CT, Hellenbrand AA, Duff SR, Dreger AL. Establishment of a reference standard database for use in the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical contact materials within an extractables survey by GC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 151:49-60. [PMID: 29306734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of reference standards may be performed to enhance the qualitative and quantitative data generated by non-specific screening methods utilized in extractables studies performed on pharmaceutical contact materials. However, the establishment of a database containing relative response factor and retention index values obtained from these standards has not been published. In this study, the establishment of such a database for GC-MS, a methodology commonly included in extractables studies, on an intra-lab basis was investigated. A set of 154 organic compounds representing a diverse range of chemical functionalities and properties was analyzed at eight time points on four GC-MS instruments that represent the diversity of age and model at our laboratory. The results of this study have shown that any variance in relative response factor between instruments was not significant from a practical perspective as supported by the coefficient of variation values (n = 32), which were ≤15% and ≤10% for 75% and 45% of the compounds tested, respectively. Furthermore, the retention index of the compounds, as expressed by retention time and relative retention time, did not have more than a 2% coefficient of variation between instruments or columns in most cases. It was concluded that a database of these values could be established for future use in extractables studies on an intra-laboratory basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Zdravkovic
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Suite 90, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA.
| | - Cindy T Duong
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Suite 90, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Ashley A Hellenbrand
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Suite 90, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Steven R Duff
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Suite 90, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Alyssa L Dreger
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Suite 90, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
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Wei Y, Wu Y, Zhu T, Li Z, Zhang Y. Identification of UV-absorbing extractables from rubber closures used in containers of injectable powder and safety assessment of leachables in the drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:256-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bofinger M, de Sousa LS, Fontes JE, Marsaioli AJ. Diketopiperazines as Cross-Communication Quorum- Sensing Signals between Cronobacter sakazakii and Bacillus cereus. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1003-1008. [PMID: 30023625 PMCID: PMC6044783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reveal a second quorum-sensing system produced by Cronobacter sakazakii. A cyclo(l-Pro-l-Leu) diketopiperazine, detected in pure and mixed cultures of C. sakazakii and Bacillus cereus explains the coexistence of both in the same industrial environments. The molecule was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 1H, and 13C NMR, including 2D NMR (correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and heteronuclear single quantum correlation), and the absolute configuration was compared with that of four synthetic standards produced by solid phase peptide synthesis using a chiral column on a GC-flame ionization detection. This article provides a new method to determine the absolute configuration of cyclo(Pro-Leu) diketopiperazine replacing the joint use of 1H NMR and Marfey's method.
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