Development and validation of UPLC method for simultaneous quantification of carvedilol and ivabradine in the presence of degradation products using DoE concept

Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods

The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.

New ecological first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for simultaneous quantification of carvedilol and ivabradine in tablets

A new, rapid, selective, green, and highly sensitive method has been established to determine ivabradine and carvedilol simultaneously. The first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach was applied for the determination of the studied drugs. Assessment of the first derivative amplitude of carvedilol and ivabradine has been done at 339 nm and 298 nm respectively which are the zero crossing points of each other. The method validation is estimated and was found to be consistent with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity was found to be in the range of 10.0 to 90.0 ng/mL for carvedilol and from 80.0 to140.0 ng/mL for ivabradine. The detection limits were found to be 1.2 ng/ mL and 3.3 ng/mL and the quantitation limits were 3.7 ng / mL and 10.0 ng /mL for carvedilol and ivabradine, respectively. The method was effectively applied for the determination of both drugs in their synthetic mixture in different ratios and in their prepared co-formulated tablets. The results were compared with those of comparison HPLC methods. Ethanol was used as a green solvent. The proposed method is suitable for the determination of ivabradine and carvedilol with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The greenness of the method was evaluated using four assessment tools, i.e. NEMI, GAPI, Eco-scale, and AGREE. The proposed method is simple with a low cost compared to HPLC methods.

Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review

Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.

Screening Design and Response Surface Methodology for the Simultaneous Estimation of Carvedilol and Ivabradine HCl by HPTLC Method

The combination of carvedilol (CAR) and ivabradine (IVA) is used for a greater reduction in heart rate and for achieving better exercise capacity in a patient with chronic heart failure. Numerous reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and hyphenated techniques have been reported for the simultaneous estimation of CAR and IVA, but the high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has not been reported yet. Hence, the robust HPTLC method has been developed by the implementation of an enhanced analytical quality by design approach based on the principles of analytical failure modes critical effect analysis (AFMCEA) and design of experiments (DoE) as per the upcoming ICH Q14 guideline. The AFMCEA was started by the identification of potential analytical failure modes followed by their critical effect analysis by a DoE-based screening design. The high-risk failure modes were optimized by DoE-based response surface methodology. The method operable design ranges and control strategy was framed for optimized chromatography conditions. The HPTLC method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The HPTLC method was applied for the assay of FDC of CAR and IVA, and results were found in compliance with the labeled claim. The developed method can be used as an alternative to the published RP-HPLC method for quality control of FDC of CAR and IVA in the pharmaceutical industry.

QbD-Based UPLC Method for Quantification of Brexpiprazole in Presence of Impurities and Application to In Vitro Dissolution

Quality-by-design-based UPLC method was developed for chromatographic separation to quantify the antischizophrenic drug brexpiprazole in the presence of impurities. Research findings from pH-scouting studies were used as control variables which influence the chromatographic separation. The peak tailing and resolution are the response variables and established the design-space by DoE-study for selection of suitable chromatographic conditions. Separation was achieved with lower particle size stationary phase and buffer pH 2.0 in the mobile phase. The present method developed through C18 50 × 2.1 mm, Ethylene-Bridged-Hybrid technology column with 1.7 μm particles, mobile phase consists of pH 2.0 buffer and acetonitrile (67:33 v/v), flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1 and detection wavelength at 215 nm. The retention time of brexpiprazole is 0.6 min and all impurities were eluted within 2 min. The method linearity ranges were 20.4-61.3 μg mL-1 for assay and 0.88-6.59 μg mL-1 for dissolution with correlation-coefficients of 0.9999 and 0.9998 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in between 99.3 and 100.9%. The method shows stability-indicating on the basis of noninterference of placebo, and impurities from forced-degradation studies. Method validation was carried out according to ICH guideline Q2 (R1).

Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast in Blend and Tablets

Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease with chronic-bronchitis. Roflumilast is not official in pharmacopoeia and the reported methods are having high chromatographic run times. A short run time HPLC method was developed for assay and content uniformity testing to determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The HPLC method was developed using accucore-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm column with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 215 nm wavelength and 10 μL injection volume with run time of 5 min. The method linearity was proved between 5.02-40.17 μg mL-1 and obtained correlation-coefficient value is 1.0000. The mean recovery of roflumilast was 100.6%. The stability indicating nature was established and performed the validation by considering ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.

Simultaneous determination of chiral and achiral impurities of ivabradine on a cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) chiral column using polar organic mode

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the related substances (R-ivabradine, dehydro-S-ivabradine, N-demethyl-S-ivabradine, ((S)-3,4-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-yl-methyl)-methyl-amine) and 1-(7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-3-benzazepine-2-on-3-yl)-3-chloro-propane) of the heart-rate lowering drug, ivabradine. The separation capability of seven different polysaccharide-type chiral columns (Lux Amylose-1, Lux i-Amylose-1, Lux Amylose-2, Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-2, Lux Cellulose-3 and Lux Cellulose-4) was investigated with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% diethylamine in methanol, 2-propanol and acetonitrile. During the screnning experiments the best results were obtained on Lux Cellulose-2 (based on cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) column with methanol with an ideal case, where all the impurities eluted before the S-ivabradine peak. Chromatographic parameters (flow rate, temperature and mobile phase constituents) were optimized by a full factorial screening design. Using optimized parameters (Lux Cellulose-2 column with 0.06% (v/v) diethylamine in methanol/acetonitrile 98/2 (v/v) with 0.45 mL/min flow rate at 12 °C) baseline separations were achieved between all compounds. The optimized method was validated according to the International Council on Harmonization Q2(R1) guideline and proved to be reliable, linear, precise and accurate for determination of at least 0.05% for all impurities in S-ivabradine samples. Method application was tested on a commercial tablet formulation and proved to be suitable for routine quality control of both chiral and achiral related substances of S-ivabradine.