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Catena S, Sanllorente S, Sarabia L, Boggia R, Turrini F, Ortiz M. Unequivocal identification and quantification of PAHs content in ternary synthetic mixtures and in smoked tuna by means of excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with PARAFAC. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Russo MV, Avino P, Perugini L, Notardonato I. Fast analysis of nine PAHs in beer by ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Ultrasound-Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Micro-Extraction (USVADLLME) procedure coupled with Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) is proposed for the fast analysis of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vincenzo Russo
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | | | - Luisa Perugini
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
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3
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta 2012; 105:292-305. [PMID: 23598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. Thus the analysis of such compounds has always been of great importance. The aim of the present review, is not only to give an overview of the most recent sample preparation and analytical approaches (such as pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.), but also to introduce such a topic to researchers who want to approach it for the first time; therefore, the most significant references related to general aspects, such as formation, toxicity, risk assessment, occurrence in food, are reported and briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2A, Udine 33100, Italy.
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Singh S, Vashishth A. PAHs in some brands of tea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:35-8. [PMID: 20665110 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants generated from incomplete combustion of organic materials. PAHs in tea have been studied for five locally available brands. Six to seven PAHs from list of 16 priority pollutants (US EPA) were found to be present in samples of various brands of tea. Benzo[a]pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in two samples, and naphthalene (2B: possible human carcinogen) was found in all the tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satnam Singh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147 004, India.
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Tamakawa K. Chapter 17 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Varlet V, Serot T, Monteau F, Le Bizec B, Prost C. Determination of PAH profiles by GC–MS/MS in salmon processed by four cold-smoking techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:744-57. [PMID: 17613060 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601139946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) (triple quadrupole device) has been developed for quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked salmon. This method was applied to determine PAH concentrations in smoked fish and assess the impact of four industrial smoking processes on their profiles. Two smokehouse temperatures and three smoke-exposure times were applied. All the smoking techniques used lead to acceptable PAH levels: the quantities recovered are 100 times lower than the legal limit (5 microg kg(-1)) concerning the principal PAH, i.e. benzo[a]pyrene. To compare different smoking processes, the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) approach was chosen. Smouldering leads to the highest TEQ, while liquid smoke leads to the lowest TEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Varlet
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes,atlanpôle La Chantrerie, route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Reinik M, Tamme T, Roasto M, Juhkam K, Tenno T, Kiis A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in meat products and estimated PAH intake by children and the general population in Estonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:429-37. [PMID: 17454117 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601182862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and 11 other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed from 322 commercial, cured meat products and 14 home-grilled meat samples as part of the Estonian food safety monitoring programme during 2001-2005. The maximum acceptable concentration of 5 microg kg(-1) for benzo[a]pyrene was exceeded in 3.4% of samples. The highest PAH concentrations were detected in home-grilled pork samples. Using of disposable grilling unit resulted in 1.6 times higher PAH concentrations compared to the traditional wood-burning grill. The average intake of benzo[a]pyrene and sum of 12 PAHs from meat products was estimated for children (age 1-16 years) on the basis of an individual food consumption questionnaire and, for the general population, based on national food consumption data. The highest total PAH concentrations detected were 16 microg kg(-1) in smoked meat and ham, 19 microg kg(-1) in smoked sausage and 6.5 microg kg(-1) in smoked chicken samples. Since smoking and grilling are prevalent meat-cooking methods in Estonia, the impact of meat products is assessed to be significant in overall PAH intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reinik
- Estonian Health Protection Inspectorate, Tartu Laboratory, Tartu, Estonia.
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Kayali-Sayadi MN, Rubio-Barroso S, García-Iranzo R, Polo-Díez LM. DETERMINATION OF SELECTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN TOASTED BREAD BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION AND HPLC WITH FLUORIMETRIC DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Kayali-Sayadi
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - S. Rubio-Barroso
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - R. García-Iranzo
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - L. M. Polo-Díez
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Kayali-Sayadi MN, Rubio-Barroso S, Cuesta-Jimenez MP, Polo-Díez LM. A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PAHs IN COFFEE BREW SAMPLES BY HPLC WITH FLUORIMETRIC DETECTION AND SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Kayali-Sayadi
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
| | - S. Rubio-Barroso
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
| | - M. P. Cuesta-Jimenez
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
| | - L. M. Polo-Díez
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
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Sagratini G, Mañes J, Giardina D, Picó Y. Determination of isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX) in fruit juices by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7947-52. [PMID: 17002475 DOI: 10.1021/jf0615956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS method, which compares different mass analyzers-single quadrupole, ion trap, and triple quadrupole-was developed for the quantitative determination of isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX) in fruit juices. ITX, a photoinitiator in UV-cured inks that can reach foods from the cartons for beverages in which they are used, was extracted from fruit juice samples with acetone/hexane (50:50) using pressurized liquid extraction. This method gave detection limits of 3, 3, and 0.01 microg/L and quantification limits of 10, 10, and 0.05 microg/L using single quadrupole, ion trap, and triple quadrupole, respectively. Five replicate fortifications of different fruit juices at the quantification limit gave recoveries oscillating between 68 and 72% with CV varying between 14 and 18%. This is the first report of a positive mass spectrometric identification and quantification of ITX in fruit juice samples packed in TetraPack. The sensitivity and specificity of the LC-MS/MS analysis using the triple quadrupole enables it to be the method of choice for risk assessment and monitoring. The method was applied to apricot, orange, peach, apple, grape and pineapple, and cherry and strawberry juices and to fruit nectars from Spain and Italy, and the ITX was detected in the range of 0.05-0.78 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Sagratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Yurchenko S, Mölder U. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with positive-ion chemical ionization. J Food Compost Anal 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Houessou JK, Benac C, Delteil C, Camel V. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee brew using solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:871-879. [PMID: 15712991 DOI: 10.1021/jf048633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee has been reported and is suspected to be due to the degradation of coffee compounds during the roasting step. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds, among which benzo[a]pyrene is known to be the most carcinogenic, their presence in the coffee, especially the coffee brew that is directly ingested by the consumer, is of prime importance. However, due to the low solubility of these compounds, their concentrations are expected to be rather low. As a consequence, reliable and sensitive analytical methods are required. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and fast analytical procedure to determine these organic micropollutants in coffee brew samples. PAHs were retained on a 0.5 g polystyrene-divinylbenzene cartridge before being eluted by a mixture of methanol/tetrahydrofuran (10:90 v/v), concentrated, and directly analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector. Application to the determination of PAHs in several coffee brew samples is also given, with mean estimated concentrations in the range of 0-100 ng L(-1) for suspected benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, whereas no fluoranthene could be detected. Tentative identification was made on the basis of UV spectra. However, identification of the suspected traces of PAHs could not be achieved due to matrix effects, so that the presence of coeluting compounds may not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Koffi Houessou
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Ali MY, Cole RB. SFE-plus-C(18) lipid cleanup and selective extraction method for GC/MS quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:4192-4198. [PMID: 11559109 DOI: 10.1021/jf0100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In biological matrixes lipid material often poses an interference problem for determinations of nonpolar compounds, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A newly developed supercritical fluid extraction plus adsorbent method, "SFE-plus-C(18)", offers selective extraction of PAHs in lipid-rich biological matrixes without the need for supplementary cleanup. This method eliminates the use of large volumes of toxic solvent and lengthy lipid removal procedures. This study reports the first application of the SFE-plus-C(18) method to the analysis of a genuine food product, i.e., smoked meat (beef). The procedure employs the addition of C(18) adsorbent beads to the initial sample slurry of pureed smoked meat prior to supercritical CO(2) extraction and GC/MS quantitation. During SF extraction, indigenous lipids are preferentially retained on the beads, and PAHs are selectively extracted with supercritical CO(2). In a comparison of determinations of PAHs by SFE-plus-C(18) vs the conventional SFE method, only 11-17% of the indigenous lipids observed by the conventional SFE method were co-extracted using the SFE-plus-C(18) method. The PAHs in smoked meat could thus be determined efficiently in the presence of a reduced background of co-extracted lipids. Out of 10 targeted PAHs, seven were detected with a range of 10.0-26.0 ng/g in the smoked meat sample. The other three PAHs were not present above the detection limit of the instrument (2.5-4.1 pg). The recoveries of PAHs obtained using the conventional SFE method were 63-94% lower than those achieved by SFE-plus-C(18).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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Anklam E, Berg H, Mathiasson L, Sharman M, Ulberth F. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in food analysis: a review. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1998; 15:729-50. [PMID: 10209584 DOI: 10.1080/02652039809374703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Anklam
- Commission of the European Union, Ispra, Varese, Italy
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