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Joshi S, Pham K, Moe L, McNees R. Exploring the Microbial Diversity and Composition of Three Cigar Product Categories. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:107. [PMID: 39162854 PMCID: PMC11335948 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Cigars and cigarillos are emerging as popular tobacco alternatives to cigarettes. However, these products may be equally harmful to human health than cigarettes and are associated with similar adverse health effects. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to extensively characterize the microbial diversity and investigate differences in microbial composition across 23 different products representing three different cigar product categories: filtered cigar, cigarillo, and large cigar. High throughput sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16 s rRNA gene revealed 2124 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Our findings showed that the three categories of cigars differed significantly in observed richness and Shannon diversity, with filtered cigars exhibiting lower diversity compared to large cigars and cigarillos. We also found a shared and unique microbiota among different product types. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in all product categories, followed by Actinobacteria. Among the 16 genera shared across all product types were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea. Nine genera were exclusively shared by large cigars and cigarillos and an additional thirteen genera were exclusive to filtered cigars. Analysis of individual cigar products showed consistent microbial composition across replicates for most large cigars and cigarillos while filtered cigars showed more inter-product variability. These findings provide important insights into the microbial diversity of the different cigar product types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Joshi
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center (KTRDC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Kent Pham
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Luke Moe
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Ruth McNees
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center (KTRDC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Gratale SK, Chen-Sankey J, Ganz O, Teotia A, Strasser AA, Schroth K, Delnevo CD, Wackowski OA. Does noticing cigar warnings associate with cigar harm perceptions and smoking behaviors? Analysis from Wave 5 of the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Addict Behav 2024; 152:107958. [PMID: 38290323 PMCID: PMC11166231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, cigar warning label standards are less stringent than cigarette warning requirements and are not uniformly required; research is needed about warning efficacy in promoting cigar risk beliefs, discouraging use and supporting public health. METHODS Using data from the PATH Study (Wave 5), we analyzed associations between noticing cigar warnings and perceived harm from cigar use, frequency of thinking about harms, and effects of warnings labels. RESULTS Among adults who smoke cigars, respondents noticing warnings at least sometimes (vs. never/rarely) had higher odds of thinking about harms of their tobacco use often/very often (cigarillos 30% vs. 19%, p <.001, aOR 1.80 [1.27, 2.56]); filtered cigars: 43% vs. 16%, p <.001, aOR 3.81 [2.50, 5.82]) and of reporting that smoking cigars is very/extremely harmful (cigarillos: 59% vs. 46%, p =.001, aOR 1.45 [1.05, 1.99]). A substantial majority found cigar warnings to be very/extremely believable (cigarillos: 63%, filtered cigars: 59%, traditional cigars: 65%), with 16%, 24% and 12% respectively reporting past-30-day warning avoidance. Those noticing warnings at least sometimes (vs. rarely) had higher rates of reporting that warnings sometimes/often/very often stopped them from having a cigar in the past 30 days (cigarillos: 36% vs. 10%; filtered cigars: 50% versus 6%; traditional cigars: 30% versus 9%; p's < 0.001) and that warnings made them somewhat/a lot more likely to quit smoking (cigarillos: 55% versus 37%, p <.01; filtered cigars: 55% versus 26%, p <.001; traditional cigars: 39% vs. 24%, p <.05). CONCLUSIONS Results support potential public health benefits of mandating the presence and increasing salience of cigar warning labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie K Gratale
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Julia Chen-Sankey
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Arjun Teotia
- The Nicholas C. Petris Center on Health Care Markets and Consumer Welfare, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin Schroth
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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