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Arpa MD, Çağlar EŞ, Güreşçi D, Sipahi H, Üstündağ Okur N. Novel Microemulsion Containing Benzocaine and Fusidic Acid Simultaneously: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation for Wound Healing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:53. [PMID: 38443698 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern drug carrier technologies, such as microemulsions with small droplet sizes and high surface areas, improve the ability of low water solubility active ingredients to permeate and localize. The goal of this study was to create microemulsion formulations for wound healing that contained both fusidic acid (FA), an antibacterial agent, and benzocaine (BNZ), a local anesthetic. Studies on characterization were carried out, including viscosity, droplet size, and zeta potential. The drug-loaded microemulsion had a stable structure with -3.014 ± 1.265 mV of zeta potential and 19.388 ± 0.480 nm of droplet size. In both in vitro release and ex vivo permeability studies, the microemulsion was compared with Fucidin cream and oily BNZ solution. According to the drug release studies, BNZ release from the microemulsion and the BNZ solution showed a similar profile (p > 0.05), while FA release from the microemulsion had a higher drug release compared to Fucidin cream (p < 0.001). The microemulsion presented lower drug permeation (p > 0.05) for both active ingredients, on the other hand, provided higher drug accumulation compared to the control preparations. Moreover, according to the results of in vitro wound healing activity, the microemulsion indicated a dose-dependent wound healing potential with the highest wound healing activity at the highest concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this developed BNZ- and FA-loaded microemulsion would be a promising candidate to create new opportunities for wound healing thanks to present the active ingredients, which have low water solubility, in a single formulation and achieved higher accumulation than control preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Davut Arpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Şefik Çağlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilara Güreşçi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Arpa MD, Kesmen EE, Biltekin SN. Novel Sprayable Thermosensitive Benzydamine Hydrogels for Topical Application: Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Activities. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:214. [PMID: 37848623 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzydamine hydrochloride (BZD) having analgesic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory effects is used orally or topically in the treatment of disorders such as joint inflammation and muscle pain. Within the scope of this study, sprayable thermosensitive BZD hydrogels were developed using thermoresponsive poloxamers to avoid systemic side effects and to provide better compliance for topical administration. Also, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) was employed to improve the mechanical strength and bioadhesive properties of the hydrogel. The addition of BZD generally decreased the viscosity of the formulations (p < 0.05), while increasing the gelation temperature (p < 0.05). The formulations that did not have any clogs or leaks in the nozzle of the bottle during the spraying process were considered lead formulations. To spray the formulations easily, it was found that the viscosity at RT should be less than 200 mPa·s, and their gelation temperature should be between 26 and 34°C. Increasing HPMC and poloxamer improved bioadhesion. The amount of HPMC and poloxamers did not cause a significant change in the release characteristics of the formulations (p > 0.05); the release profiles of BZD from the formulations were similar according to model-independent kinetic (f2 > 50). HPMC and poloxamers had important roles in the accumulation of BZD in the skin. In vitro biological activity studies demonstrated that the formulations presented their anti-inflammatory activity with TNF-α inhibition but did not have any effect on the inhibition of COX enzymes as expected. As a result, thermosensitive hydrogels containing BZD might be an appropriate alternative, providing an advantage in terms of easier application compared to conventional gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Davut Arpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebrar Elif Kesmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevde Nur Biltekin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Graduated Studies in Science, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
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Luhaibi DK, Ali HHM, Al-Ani I, Shalan N, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Remawi M, Nasereddin J, Qinna NA, Al-Adham I, Khanfar M. The Formulation and Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Vehicles for the Topical Delivery of Azelaic Acid for Acne Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:6927. [PMID: 37836770 PMCID: PMC10574101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work was aimed at the development of a topical drug delivery system for azelaic acid (AzA) for acne treatment. The systems tested for this purpose were deep eutectic systems (DESs) prepared from choline chloride (CC), malonic acid (MA), and PEG 400. Three CC to MA and eight different MA: CC: PEG400 ratios were tested. The physical appearance of the tested formulations ranged from solid and liquid to semisolid. Only those that showed liquid formulations of suitable viscosity were considered for further investigations. A eutectic mixture made from MA: CC: PEG400 1:1:6 (MCP 116) showed the best characteristics in terms of viscosity, contact angle, spreadability, partition coefficient, and in vitro diffusion. Moreover, the MCP116 showed close rheological properties to the commercially available market lead acne treatment product (Skinorin®). In addition, the formula showed synergistic antibacterial activity between the MA moiety of the DES and the AzA. In vitro diffusion studies using polyamide membranes demonstrated superior diffusion of MCP116 over the pure drug and the commercial product. No signs of skin irritation and edema were observed when MCP116 was applied to rabbit skin. Additionally, the MCP116 was found to be, physically and chemically, highly stable at 4, 25, and 40 °C for a one-month stability study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhari K. Luhaibi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Hiba H. Mohammed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
| | - Israa Al-Ani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Naeem Shalan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan;
| | - Nidal A. Qinna
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Isi Al-Adham
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Mai Khanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
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Davut Arpa M, Üstündağ Okur N, Koray Gök M, Özgümüş S, Cevher E. Chitosan-based buccal mucoadhesive patches to enhance the systemic bioavailability of tizanidine. Int J Pharm 2023:123168. [PMID: 37356512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN) is a muscle relaxant used to treat a variety of disorders such as painful muscle spasms and chronic spasticity. TZN has low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and is used orally at a dose of 6-24 mg per day. In the present study, buccal patches were prepared by solvent casting method using chitosan glutamate (Chi-Glu) and novel chitosan azelate (Chi-Aze) which was synthesised in-house for the first time, to enhance the bioavailability of TZN by bypassing first-pass metabolism. The characterisation, mucoadhesion and drug release studies were performed. Chi-Aze patches retained their integrity longer in the buccal medium and showed higher ex vivo drug permeability compared to that prepared with Chi-Glu. In vivo studies revealed that buccal formulation fabricated with Chi-Aze (3%) showed approx 3 times more bioavailability than the orally administered commercial product. Results of the studies indicate that Chi-Aze, prepared by conjugation of chitosan and a fatty acid, the patch formulation is a promising buccal mucoadhesive system due to the physical stability in buccal medium, the good mucoadhesiveness and the high TZN bioavailability. Moreover, Chi-Aze patch might be an alternative to oral formulations of TZN to reduce the dose and frequency of drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Davut Arpa
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 34085, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 34668, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Koray Gök
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34320, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Saadet Özgümüş
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34320, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Erdal Cevher
- Istanbul University, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34116, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Quan Q, Weng D, Li X, An Q, Yang Y, Yu B, Ma Y, Wang J. Analysis of drug efficacy for inflammatory skin on an organ-chip system. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:939629. [PMID: 36118585 PMCID: PMC9478476 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.939629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial skin infections cause a variety of common skin diseases that require drugs that are safer than antibiotics and have fewer side effects. However, for evaluating skin disease drugs, human skin tissue in vitro constructed traditionally on Transwell has inefficient screening ability because of its fragile barrier function. With mechanical forces and dynamic flow, the organ-on-a-chip system became an innovative, automatic, and modular way to construct pathological models and analyze effective pharmaceutical ingredients in vitro. In this research, we integrated skin extracellular matrix and skin cells into a microfluidic chip to construct a biomimetic “interface-controlled-skin-on-chip” system (IC-SoC), which constructed a stable air–liquid interface (ALI) and necessary mechanical signals for the development of human skin equivalents. The results demonstrated that in the microfluidic system with a flowing microenvironment and ALI, the skin tissue formed in vitro could differentiate into more mature tissue morphological structures and improve barrier function. Then, following exposing the skin surface on the IC-SoC to the stimulation of Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) and SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate), the barrier function decreased, as well as inflammatory factors such as IL-1α, IL-8, and PEG2 increased in the medium channel of the IC-SoC. After this pathological skin model was treated with dexamethasone and polyphyllin H, the results showed that polyphyllin H had a significant repair effect on the skin barrier and a significant inhibition effect on the release of inflammation-related cytokines, and the effects were more prominent than dexamethasone. This automated microfluidic system delivers an efficient tissue model for toxicological applications and drug evaluation for bacterial-infected damaged skin instead of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Ding Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Quan An
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Ma, ; Jiadao Wang,
| | - Jiadao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Ma, ; Jiadao Wang,
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